{"id":1656,"date":"2023-08-15T07:43:49","date_gmt":"2023-08-15T06:43:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/hul2.mendelu.cz\/?page_id=1656"},"modified":"2023-08-19T08:50:58","modified_gmt":"2023-08-19T07:50:58","slug":"biotopove-stromy-klicove-prvky-pro-biologickou-rozmanitost-lesu","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/hul2.mendelu.cz\/?page_id=1656","title":{"rendered":"Biotopov\u00e9 stromy a d\u0159evo v rozkladu: kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 prvky pro biologickou rozmanitost les\u016f"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Obsah str\u00e1nky je v\u00fdtahem adekv\u00e1tn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti kapitoly, kter\u00e1 je uvedena v n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed origin\u00e1ln\u00ed publikaci: <em><a href=\"https:\/\/hul2.mendelu.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/integrate_book_2013.pdf\">Integrative approaches as an opportunity for the conservation of forest biodiversity<\/a><\/em>. Doporu\u010den\u00e1 citace uveden\u00e9 publikace: Kraus D., Krumm F. (eds) 2013. Integrative approaches as an opportunity<br \/>for the conservation of forest biodiversity. European Forest Institute. 284 pp.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p>Biotopov\u00e9 stromy jsou velmi velk\u00e9, velmi star\u00e9 a mrtv\u00e9 nebo \u017eiv\u00e9 stromy s mikrostanovi\u0161ti. Maj\u00ed prvo\u0159ad\u00fd v\u00fdznam pro specializovanou lesn\u00ed fl\u00f3ru a faunu.<\/p>\n<h1>V\u00fdb\u011br okruh\u016f a pojm\u016f k diskuzi a opakov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h1>\n<p>Z <a href=\"https:\/\/hul2.mendelu.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/integrate_book_2013.pdf\">doporu\u010den\u00e9 knihy<\/a> ke studiu vyb\u00edr\u00e1me n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed:<\/p>\n<h2>Biotopov\u00e9 stromy<\/h2>\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: circle;\">\n<li><a href=\"#habitat_tree\">Mikrostanovi\u0161t\u011b spojen\u00e1 s biotopy strom\u016f a jejich v\u00fdznam pro biologickou rozmanitost<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#microhabitat\">Typy mikrohabitat\u016f strom\u016f<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#management\">Doporu\u010den\u00ed pro management<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#network\">Tvorba funk\u010dn\u00ed s\u00edt\u011b slo\u017een\u00e9 z prvk\u016f lesa star\u00e9ho r\u016fstu <span class=\"HwtZe\" lang=\"cs\"><span class=\"jCAhz ChMk0b\"><span class=\"ryNqvb\">(old-growth forests)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#download\">Ke sta\u017een\u00ed<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>D\u0159evo v rozkladu (mrtv\u00e9 d\u0159evo)<\/h2>\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: circle;\">\n<li><a href=\"#prahy_mrtve_drevo\">Prahov\u00e9 hodnoty d\u0159eva v rozkladu (mrtv\u00e9ho d\u0159eva) v evropsk\u00fdch les\u00edch pro v\u00fdskyt jednotliv\u00fdch druh\u016f a jejich druhov\u00e9 bohatosti<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#doporuceni\">Doporu\u010den\u00ed pro management<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#download2\">Ke sta\u017een\u00ed<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>Biotopov\u00e9 stromy<\/h2>\n<p><a id=\"habitat_tree\"><\/a><strong>Box 14. Mikrostanovi\u0161t\u011b spojen\u00e1 s biotopy strom\u016f a jejich v\u00fdznam pro biologickou rozmanitost, s. 85<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"HwtZe\" lang=\"cs\"><span class=\"jCAhz ChMk0b\"><span class=\"ryNqvb\">Mrtv\u00e9 stromy, pah\u00fdly a stromy s velk\u00fdm mno\u017estv\u00edm mrtv\u00e9ho d\u0159eva v korun\u00e1ch byly ji\u017e pom\u011brn\u011b dob\u0159e prozkoum\u00e1ny.<\/span><\/span> Proto v\u00edme, \u017ee j<span class=\"jCAhz ChMk0b\"><span class=\"ryNqvb\">sou substr\u00e1tem pro zna\u010dnou \u010d\u00e1st lesn\u00ed biodiverzity a p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed potravu, nocovi\u0161t\u011b, m\u00edsta pro sh\u00e1n\u011bn\u00ed potravy, hn\u00edzd\u011bn\u00ed a obecn\u011b obydl\u00ed pro r\u016fzn\u00e9 druhy, v\u010detn\u011b obratlovc\u016f a bezobratl\u00fdch, rostliny (mechorosty a li\u0161ejn\u00edky) a saproxylick\u00e9 houby.<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"jCAhz ChMk0b\"><span class=\"ryNqvb\">Na\u0161e znalosti o t\u011bchto biotpech strom\u016f v\u0161ak st\u00e1le z\u016fst\u00e1vaj\u00ed ne\u00fapln\u00e9, proto\u017ee v\u011bdeck\u00e9 v\u00fdzkumy mikrobiotop\u016f strom\u016f a jejich v\u00fdznamu pro biodiverzitu se v\u011bt\u0161inou soust\u0159edily na dutiny (viz Winter a M\u00f6ller 2008, Vuidot et al. 2011).<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"jCAhz ChMk0b\"><span class=\"ryNqvb\">N\u00ed\u017ee shrnujeme aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed poznatky o stromov\u00fdch mikrohabitatech a biodiverzit\u011b, kter\u00e1 na nich z\u00e1vis\u00ed, a\u010d p\u0159ipou\u0161t\u00edme, \u017ee v\u00fd\u010det poznatk\u016f nen\u00ed \u00fapln\u00fd.<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"jCAhz ChMk0b\"><span class=\"ryNqvb\">Byly definov\u00e1ny \u010dty\u0159i hlavn\u00ed typy:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: circle;\">\n<li><span class=\"HwtZe\" lang=\"cs\"><span class=\"jCAhz ChMk0b\"><span class=\"ryNqvb\">Dutiny: lze rozli\u0161it \u010dty\u0159i typy dutin v z\u00e1vislosti na jejich p\u016fvodu a morfologii<\/span><\/span><\/span>\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li><span class=\"HwtZe\" lang=\"cs\"><span class=\"jCAhz ChMk0b\"><span class=\"ryNqvb\">Dutiny od datl\u016f: vyhlouben\u00e9 datly pro hn\u00edzd\u011bn\u00ed, hraj\u00ed d\u016fle\u017eitou roli pro \u010detn\u00e9 obyvatele sekund\u00e1rn\u00edch dutin (pt\u00e1ci, netop\u00fd\u0159i, hlodavci (Gliridae) a lasicovit\u00ed (Mustelidae)) a bezobratl\u00e9 (pavouci, brouci, vosy)<\/span><\/span><span class=\"jCAhz ChMk0b\"><span class=\"ryNqvb\">.<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"jCAhz ChMk0b\"><span class=\"ryNqvb\">Zejm\u00e9na u pt\u00e1k\u016f se zd\u00e1, \u017ee dutiny podporuj\u00ed komplexn\u00ed s\u00ed\u0165 druh\u016f zahrnuj\u00edc\u00edch stavitele prim\u00e1rn\u00edch dutin, jako jsou datli a kohorty<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"jCAhz ChMk0b\"><span class=\"ryNqvb\">hn\u00edzd sekund\u00e1rn\u00edch dutin.<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"HwtZe\" lang=\"cs\"><span class=\"jCAhz ChMk0b\"><span class=\"ryNqvb\">Dutiny jin\u00e9 ne\u017e od datl\u016f: vznikaj\u00ed hlavn\u011b p\u0159i procesu rozkladu d\u0159eva, tyto dutiny se li\u0161\u00ed od d\u0159\u00edve zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00fdch v tom, \u017ee v\u011bt\u0161inou poch\u00e1zej\u00ed z poran\u011bn\u00ed b\u011bhem \u017eivota stromu.<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"jCAhz ChMk0b\"><span class=\"ryNqvb\">Tyto dutiny vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm netop\u00fd\u0159i k hn\u00edzd\u011bn\u00ed, ale mohou je vyu\u017e\u00edvat i mal\u00ed a velc\u00ed savci, je\u0161t\u011brky, oboj\u017eiveln\u00edci a pt\u00e1ci.<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"jCAhz ChMk0b\"><span class=\"ryNqvb\">\u010c\u00edm v\u00edce hub a pl\u00edsn\u00ed obsahuj\u00ed (tj. \u010d\u00edm v\u00edce se d\u0159evo rozpadlo), t\u00edm specializovan\u011bj\u0161\u00ed druhov\u00e1 spole\u010denstv\u00ed podporuj\u00ed.<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"jCAhz ChMk0b\"><span class=\"ryNqvb\">Nap\u0159\u00edklad ohro\u017een\u00fd brouk <em>Osmoderma eremita<\/em> je pro sv\u00e9 p\u0159e\u017eit\u00ed \u00fazce z\u00e1visl\u00fd na dutin\u00e1ch s pl\u00edsn\u011bmi.<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"HwtZe\" lang=\"cs\"><span class=\"jCAhz ChMk0b\"><span class=\"ryNqvb\">Dendrotelmy: velmi specifick\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edpady, kdy je dutina do\u010dasn\u011b nebo trvale napln\u011bna vodou.<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"jCAhz ChMk0b\"><span class=\"ryNqvb\">N\u011bkolik druh\u016f hmyzu (hlavn\u011b dvouk\u0159\u00eddl\u00fdch) nebo mikrokor\u00fd\u0161\u016f z\u00e1vis\u00ed na dendrotelm\u00e1ch, zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b kdy\u017e je dno dutiny rozpadl\u00e9.<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"HwtZe\" lang=\"cs\"><span class=\"jCAhz ChMk0b\"><span class=\"ryNqvb\">Dutiny ko\u0159enov\u00fdch opor: u paty stromu jsou tyto dutiny vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1ny jako \u00fakryty pro mal\u00e9 a st\u0159edn\u011b velk\u00e9 savce, pt\u00e1ky a oboj\u017eiveln\u00edky.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span class=\"HwtZe\" lang=\"cs\"><span class=\"jCAhz ChMk0b\"><span class=\"ryNqvb\">Praskliny a uvoln\u011bn\u00e1 k\u016fra: hojn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed na \u00fatr\u017ec\u00edch a rozkl\u00e1daj\u00edc\u00edch se stromech, ale tak\u00e9 na \u017eiv\u00fdch stromech po\u0161kozen\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edmi p\u0159\u00ed\u010dinami (nap\u0159. zasa\u017een\u00e9 bleskem) nebo t\u011b\u017eebn\u00edmi operacemi, takov\u00e9 mikrobiotopy jsou zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 pro netop\u00fdry, kte\u0159\u00ed hn\u00edzd\u00ed zejm\u00e9na pod k\u016frou.<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"jCAhz ChMk0b\"><span class=\"ryNqvb\">Trhliny a odlupuj\u00edc\u00ed se k\u016fru vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed tak\u00e9 pt\u00e1ci, hemiptera (polok\u0159\u00eddl\u00ed) a pavouci.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"HwtZe\" lang=\"cs\"><span class=\"jCAhz ChMk0b\"><span class=\"ryNqvb\">Plodnice saproxylick\u00fdch hub: tyto plodnice saproxylick\u00fdch hub nazna\u010duj\u00ed ur\u010ditou \u00farove\u0148 biologick\u00e9 rozmanitosti samy o sob\u011b, ale prosp\u00edvaj\u00ed i dal\u0161\u00edm lesn\u00edm druh\u016fm, jako jsou brouci, dvouk\u0159\u00eddl\u00ed, moli a plo\u0161tice.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"HwtZe\" lang=\"cs\"><span class=\"jCAhz ChMk0b\"><span class=\"ryNqvb\">Dal\u0161\u00ed mikrobiotopy: epifyty (nap\u0159. b\u0159e\u010d\u0165an, li\u00e1ny, li\u0161ejn\u00edky a mechorosty), \u010darod\u011bjn\u00edky a m\u00edsta s ronem m\u00edzy prosp\u00edvaj\u00ed hmyzu (hlavn\u011b brouk\u016fm a mol\u016fm) a tak\u00e9 pt\u00e1k\u016fm.<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"jCAhz ChMk0b\"><span class=\"ryNqvb\">Tyto mikrohabitaty jsou v\u0161ak \u0161patn\u011b prozkoum\u00e1ny a je zapot\u0159eb\u00ed dal\u0161\u00edho v\u00fdzkumu, aby se up\u0159esnil jejich vztah k biodiverzit\u011b. <br \/><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a id=\"microhabitat\"><\/a><strong>Typy mikrohabitat\u016f strom\u016f, s. 86<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/hul2.mendelu.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/Screenshot-2023-08-17-at-09-58-51-Integrative-approaches-as-an-opportunity-for-the-conservation-of-forest-biodiversity.-integrate_book_2013-3.pdf.png\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong>Obr. 24<\/strong>: Typy mikrohabitat\u016f strom\u016f. <br \/>A. Jin\u00e1 dutina ne\u017e od datla; B. Mrtv\u00e9 d\u0159evo v korun\u011b; C. Plodnice saproxylick\u00fdch hub; D. Dutiny s pl\u00edsn\u00ed; E. Ko\u0159enov\u00e1 op\u011brn\u00e1 dutina; F. Trhliny; G. Vidlice; H. Znetvo\u0159en\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Zdroj: \u00a9 TU Berlin, Institut f\u00fcr \u00d6kologie, Fachgebiet \u00d6kosystemkunde\/Pflanzen\u00f6kologie. http:\/\/naturschutz-und-denkmalpflege.projekte.tu-berlin.de.<\/p>\n<p><strong><span class=\"HwtZe\" lang=\"cs\"><span class=\"jCAhz ChMk0b\"><span class=\"ryNqvb\"><a id=\"management\"><\/a>Box 15. Doporu\u010den\u00ed pro management<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"HwtZe\" lang=\"cs\"><span class=\"jCAhz ChMk0b\"><span class=\"ryNqvb\">Ochrana (budouc\u00edch) mikrostanovi\u0161\u0165 strom\u016f by m\u011bla b\u00fdt ned\u00edlnou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed v\u0161ech lesn\u00edch hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdch opat\u0159en\u00ed od v\u00fdchovy porostu po m\u00fdtn\u00ed t\u011b\u017ebu.<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"jCAhz ChMk0b\"><span class=\"ryNqvb\">Za t\u00edmto \u00fa\u010delem by m\u011bly b\u00fdt do provozn\u00edch pokyn\u016f (nap\u0159. r\u00e1mcov\u00fdch sm\u011brnic hospoda\u0159en\u00ed) za\u010dlen\u011bny specifick\u00e9 \u00fadaje o v\u00fdb\u011bru a hustot\u011b t\u011bchto strom\u016f.<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"jCAhz ChMk0b\"><span class=\"ryNqvb\">Na \u00farovni porostu by m\u011blo b\u00fdt zachov\u00e1no alespo\u0148 5 a\u017e 10 mikrohabitatov\u00fdch strom\u016f na hektar, aby se zm\u00edrnily dopady t\u011b\u017eby d\u0159eva na organismy z\u00e1visl\u00e9 na struktur\u00e1ch, kter\u00e9 takov\u00e9 stromy poskytuj\u00ed.<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"jCAhz ChMk0b\"><span class=\"ryNqvb\">Ve\u00a0 v\u00fdb\u011brn\u00fdch syst\u00e9mech by reten\u010dn\u00ed stromy m\u011bly b\u00fdt stromy nesouc\u00ed mikrobiotopy (v\u010detn\u011b pah\u00fdl\u016f) nebo stromy n\u00edzk\u00e9 kvality, kter\u00e9 by byly odstran\u011bny p\u0159i konven\u010dn\u00edm hospoda\u0159en\u00ed.<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"jCAhz ChMk0b\"><span class=\"ryNqvb\">Obecn\u011b plat\u00ed, \u017ee se\u00a0<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"jCAhz ChMk0b\"><span class=\"ryNqvb\">doporu\u010duje kombinace rozpt\u00fdlen\u00e9ho a agregovan\u00e9ho ponech\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed habitatov\u00fdch strom\u016f (\u201evariabiln\u00ed ponech\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed\u201c), proto\u017ee nap\u0159. jejich po\u0161kozen\u00ed v\u011btrem je m\u00e9n\u011b v\u00fdrazn\u00e9 u agregovan\u00e9ho ne\u017e u rozpt\u00fdlen\u00e9ho v\u00fdskytu.<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"jCAhz ChMk0b\"><span class=\"ryNqvb\">Krom\u011b toho existuj\u00ed d\u016fkazy, \u017ee agregovan\u00e1 mikrostanovi\u0161t\u011b strom\u016f poskytuj\u00ed pt\u00e1k\u016fm lep\u0161\u00ed podm\u00ednky ne\u017e rozpt\u00fdlen\u00fd v\u00fdskyt jednotliv\u00fdch strom\u016f.<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"jCAhz ChMk0b\"><span class=\"ryNqvb\">Pokud v\u0161ak ji\u017e existuj\u00ed jednotliv\u011b rozpt\u00fdlen\u00e9 mikrostanovi\u0161tn\u00ed stromy, m\u011bly by b\u00fdt zachov\u00e1ny.<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"jCAhz ChMk0b\"><span class=\"ryNqvb\">Krom\u011b zachovan\u00fdch mikrostanovi\u0161\u0165 strom\u016f, <\/span><\/span><span class=\"jCAhz ChMk0b\"><span class=\"ryNqvb\">m\u011bly by b\u00fdt do budoucna vybr\u00e1ny i stromy s pravd\u011bpodobn\u00fdm v\u00fdskytem mikrostanovi\u0161\u0165;<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"jCAhz ChMk0b\"><span class=\"ryNqvb\">m\u011bly by b\u00fdt \u0159\u00e1dn\u011b ozna\u010deny a trvale chr\u00e1n\u011bny p\u0159ed t\u011b\u017ebou.<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"jCAhz ChMk0b\"><span class=\"ryNqvb\">Krom\u011b toho by nov\u00e9 stromy m\u011bly b\u00fdt zachov\u00e1ny p\u0159i ka\u017ed\u00e9 t\u011b\u017eb\u011b v m\u00ed\u0159e, kter\u00e1 p\u0159ekra\u010duje<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"jCAhz ChMk0b\"><span class=\"ryNqvb\">po\u017eadovan\u00fd po\u010det senescentn\u00edch strom\u016f.<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"jCAhz ChMk0b\"><span class=\"ryNqvb\">Nov\u00e9 i st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed habitatov\u00e9 stromy mohou b\u00fdt v ter\u00e9nu ozna\u010deny, aby byla zaru\u010dena jejich dlouhodob\u00e1 ochrana.<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"HwtZe\" lang=\"cs\"><span class=\"jCAhz ChMk0b\"><span class=\"ryNqvb\">Na \u00farovni hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 jednotky by tak\u00e9 m\u011bly b\u00fdt vy\u010dle\u0148ov\u00e1ny lesn\u00ed porosty, kde mohou stromy dokon\u010dit sv\u016fj p\u0159irozen\u00fd cyklus v\u010detn\u011b st\u00e1rnut\u00ed a rozkladu.<\/span><\/span> L<span class=\"jCAhz ChMk0b\"><span class=\"ryNqvb\">esn\u00ed rezervace a ostr\u016fvky star\u00fdch strom\u016f (old-growth forests) jsou dva n\u00e1stroje, kter\u00e9 podporuj\u00ed mikrostanovi\u0161t\u011b strom\u016f na t\u00e9to \u00farovni.<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"jCAhz ChMk0b\"><span class=\"ryNqvb\">Obvykle jsou to pr\u00e1v\u011b ostr\u016fvky star\u00fdch strom\u016f, jejich\u017e velikost je v\u011bt\u0161inou omezena na n\u011bkolik hektar\u016f, kter\u00e9 mohou slou\u017eit\u00a0 jako <\/span><\/span><span class=\"jCAhz ChMk0b\"><span class=\"ryNqvb\">odrazov\u00e9 m\u016fstky pro propojen\u00ed mezi v\u011bt\u0161\u00edmi chr\u00e1n\u011bn\u00fdmi lesn\u00edmi plochami. <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"HwtZe\" lang=\"cs\"><span class=\"jCAhz ChMk0b\"><span class=\"ryNqvb\">Aby se vytvo\u0159ila funk\u010dn\u00ed s\u00ed\u0165 star\u00fdch prvk\u016f, m\u011bla by b\u00fdt kombinace takov\u00fdch v\u011bt\u0161\u00edch a men\u0161\u00edch ostr\u016fvk\u016f dopln\u011bna kvalitn\u00ed matric\u00ed obhospoda\u0159ovan\u00fdch porost\u016f s biotopov\u00fdmi stromy. <br \/><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><a id=\"network\"><\/a><strong>Tvorba funk\u010dn\u00ed s\u00edt\u011b slo\u017een\u00e9 z prvk\u016f lesa star\u00e9ho r\u016fstu <span class=\"HwtZe\" lang=\"cs\"><span class=\"jCAhz ChMk0b\"><span class=\"ryNqvb\">(old-growth forests), s. 107<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/hul2.mendelu.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/Screenshot-2023-08-17-at-11-47-24-Integrative-approaches-as-an-opportunity-for-the-conservation-of-forest-biodiversity.-integrate_book_2013-3.pdf.png\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong>Obr. 30<\/strong>: Schematick\u00e9 zn\u00e1zorn\u011bn\u00ed funk\u010dn\u00ed s\u00edt\u011b slo\u017een\u00e9 z prvk\u016f lesa star\u00e9ho r\u016fstu <span class=\"HwtZe\" lang=\"cs\"><span class=\"jCAhz ChMk0b\"><span class=\"ryNqvb\">(old-growth forests)<\/span><\/span><\/span>: v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed plochy (rezervace &gt;10 ha) jsou propojeny men\u0161\u00edmi plochami (1\u20135 ha) a jednotliv\u00fdmi mikrostanovi\u0161ti habitatov\u00fdch strom\u016f. Oblasti s vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed hustotou habitatov\u00fdch strom\u016f mohou tvo\u0159it \u201ekoridory\u201c, ale kvalitativn\u00ed \u201ematrice\u201c m\u016f\u017ee proch\u00e1zet i v\u011bt\u0161inou c\u00edlov\u00fdch druh\u016f. Zdroj: Lachat a B\u00fctler 2007.<\/p>\n<p><strong><a id=\"download\"><\/a>Ke sta\u017een\u00ed<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: circle;\">\n<li class=\"csl-entry\">Kraus, D., B\u00fctler, R., Krumm, F., Lachat, T., Larrieu, L., Mergner, U., Paillet, Y., Rydkvist, T., Schuck, A., &amp; Winter, S. (2016). <a href=\"https:\/\/hul2.mendelu.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/Catalogue_Tree_Microhabitats_Reference_Field_List_Final_CZ.pdf\"><i>Seznam stromov\u00fdch mikrobiotop\u016f. Ter\u00e9nn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edru\u010dka<\/i><\/a> (Dr. L. V. (EFI) P\u0159eklad: Dr. Lenka Lehnerov\u00e1 (\u00daH\u00daL), Ed.). EFI, Integrate+.<\/li>\n<li>Ze str\u00e1nek <a href=\"https:\/\/lesodiverzita.cz\/\">Lesodiverzita.cz<\/a> je mo\u017en\u00e9 st\u00e1hnout mobiln\u00ed aplikaci ur\u010denou k evidenci v\u00fdskytu habitatov\u00fdch strom\u016f, jak pro <a href=\"https:\/\/play.google.com\/store\/apps\/details?id=cz.czu.lesodiverzita&amp;hl=cs&amp;gl=US\">android<\/a>, tak <a href=\"https:\/\/apps.apple.com\/cz\/app\/lesodiverzita\/id6444812514?l=cs\">ios<\/a> prost\u0159ed\u00ed.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Citovan\u00e1 literatura<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: circle;\">\n<li>Lachat, T. and B\u00fctler, R. 2007. Gestion des vieux arbres et du bois mort; \u00eelots de s\u00e9nescence,<br \/>arbres-habitat et m\u00e9tapopulations saproxyliques. Report WSL and EPFL, Lausanne for OFEV.<\/li>\n<li>Vuidot, A., Paillet, Y., Archaux, F. and Gosselin, F. 2011. Influence of tree characteristics and<br \/>forest management on tree microhabitats. Biological Conservation 144(1):441\u2013450.<\/li>\n<li>Winter, S. and M\u00f6ller, G.C. 2008. Microhabitats in lowland beech forests as monitoring tool for<br \/>nature conservation. Forest Ecology and Management 255(3\u20134):1251\u20131261.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>D\u0159evo v rozkladu (mrtv\u00e9 d\u0159evo)<\/h2>\n<p>Lesn\u00ed hospod\u00e1\u0159i si mohou polo\u017eit ot\u00e1zku: \u201eKolik mrtv\u00e9ho d\u0159eva a jak\u00e1 jeho kvalita by m\u011bla b\u00fdt, aby se podpo\u0159ila ochrana saproxylick\u00e9 biodiverzity&#8220;? V\u011bt\u0161inou je nejlep\u0161\u00ed odpov\u011bd\u00ed n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed konstatov\u00e1n\u00ed: z\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed na c\u00edlech ochrany nebo dot\u010den\u00fdch druz\u00edch. Vzhledem k tomu, \u017ee po\u017eadavky na stanovi\u0161t\u011b se u r\u016fzn\u00fdch druh\u016f les\u016f li\u0161\u00ed, je vysoce nepravd\u011bpodobn\u00e9, \u017ee bude n\u011bkdy mo\u017en\u00e9 jednozna\u010dn\u011b identifikovat\u00a0 mno\u017estv\u00ed (jak v objemu, tak kvalit\u011b) mrtv\u00e9ho d\u0159eva, kter\u00e9 by zaru\u010dilo p\u0159e\u017eit\u00ed cel\u00e9ho spole\u010denstv\u00ed saproxylick\u00fdch druh\u016f (Ranius a Jonsson 2007). Nicm\u00e9n\u011b v\u011bdeck\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce objevuj\u00edc\u00ed se v posledn\u00edch letech mohou upozornit na n\u011bkter\u00e9 ekologick\u00e9 prahy, kter\u00e9 udr\u017euj\u00ed ur\u010dit\u00fd pod\u00edl saproxylick\u00e9 diverzity.<\/p>\n<p>Prahov\u00e9 hodnoty jsou definov\u00e1ny p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm pro jednotliv\u00e9 druhy. Pro zachov\u00e1n\u00ed cel\u00fdch komunit je v\u0161ak velmi u\u017eite\u010dn\u00e9 stanovit tyto prahov\u00e9 hodnoty na \u00farovni komunity. V d\u016fsledku toho m\u00e1 smysl uva\u017eovat p\u0159i stanovov\u00e1n\u00ed prah\u016f stanovi\u0161\u0165 co nejv\u00edce druh\u016f, aby se zachovalo cel\u00e9 spole\u010denstvo v\u00e1zan\u00e9 na d\u0159evo v rozkladu (mrtv\u00e9 d\u0159evo). M\u00fcller a B\u00fctler (2010) vytvo\u0159ili liter\u00e1rn\u00ed p\u0159ehled zalo\u017een\u00fd na 37 prahov\u00fdch hodnot\u00e1ch pro mrtv\u00e9 d\u0159evo. V\u011bt\u0161ina uva\u017eovan\u00fdch druh\u016f nebo skupin druh\u016f vykazovala vrchol 20\u201330 m<sup>3<\/sup>\/ha pro bore\u00e1ln\u00ed jehli\u010dnat\u00e9 lesy, 30\u201340 m<sup>3<\/sup>\/ha pro sm\u00ed\u0161en\u00e9 horsk\u00e9 lesy a 30\u201350 m<sup>3<\/sup>\/ha pro lesy n\u00ed\u017einn\u00e9. S t\u00edmto mno\u017estv\u00edm mrtv\u00e9ho d\u0159eva lze zachovat v\u011bt\u0161inu saproxylick\u00fdch druh\u016f, kter\u00e9 se berou v \u00favahu. Saproxylick\u00e9 druhy nebo skupiny druh\u016f, kter\u00e9 pot\u0159ebuj\u00ed velk\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed mrtv\u00e9ho d\u0159eva, v\u0161ak nelze udr\u017eovat v konzerva\u010dn\u00edch sch\u00e9matech zalo\u017een\u00fdch na t\u011bchto ekologick\u00fdch prahov\u00fdch hodnot\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n<p><strong><a id=\"prahy_mrtve_drevo\"><\/a>Prahov\u00e9 hodnoty d\u0159eva v rozkladu (mrtv\u00e9ho d\u0159eva) v evropsk\u00fdch les\u00edch pro v\u00fdskyt jednotliv\u00fdch druh\u016f a druhov\u00e9 bohatosti<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/hul2.mendelu.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/Screenshot-2023-08-17-at-13-33-41-Integrative-approaches-as-an-opportunity-for-the-conservation-of-forest-biodiversity.-integrate_book_2013-3.pdf.png\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong>Tab. 6<\/strong>: Prahov\u00e9 hodnoty mrtv\u00e9ho d\u0159eva (m<sup>3<\/sup>\/ha) v evropsk\u00fdch les\u00edch pro v\u00fdskyt jednotliv\u00fdch druh\u016f a druhov\u00e9 bohatosti; rozsah zelen\u011b, nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed hodnota \u010derven\u011b (M\u00fcller &amp; B\u00fctler 2010)<\/p>\n<p><a id=\"doporuceni\"><\/a><strong>Box 16. Doporu\u010den\u00ed pro management, s. 101<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Zachov\u00e1n\u00ed saproxylick\u00e9 biodiverzity z\u00e1vis\u00ed na mno\u017estv\u00ed a kvalit\u011b mrtv\u00e9ho d\u0159eva. Obecn\u011b plat\u00ed, \u017ee velk\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed mrtv\u00e9ho d\u0159eva je spojeno s vysokou diverzitou v r\u00e1mci tohoto stanovi\u0161t\u011b (r\u016fzn\u00e1 velikost, st\u00e1dia rozpadu, druhy strom\u016f, poloha), co\u017e zase zvy\u0161uje jeho ekologickou hodnotu pro saproxylick\u00e9 druhy. V\u011bt\u0161inu t\u011bchto druh\u016f lze udr\u017eovat s n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edm mno\u017estv\u00edm rozkl\u00e1daj\u00edc\u00edho se (mrtv\u00e9ho) d\u0159eva (M\u00fcller &amp; B\u00fctler 2010):<\/p>\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: circle;\">\n<li>20\u201330 m3\/ha pro bore\u00e1ln\u00ed jehli\u010dnat\u00e9 lesy,<\/li>\n<li>30\u201340 m3\/ha pro sm\u00ed\u0161en\u00e9 horsk\u00e9 lesy,<\/li>\n<li>30\u201350 m3\/ha pro n\u00ed\u017einn\u00e9 lesy.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Tyto kvantitativn\u00ed prahov\u00e9 hodnoty jsou mnohem vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e obecn\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed mrtv\u00e9ho d\u0159eva dostupn\u00e9ho v hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdch les\u00edch. Doporu\u010duje se proto vytvo\u0159it v krajinn\u00e9m m\u011b\u0159\u00edtku s\u00ed\u0165 lesn\u00edch porost\u016f s mno\u017estv\u00edm mrtv\u00e9ho d\u0159eva mezi 20\u201350 m<sup>3<\/sup>\/ha sp\u00ed\u0161e ne\u017e usilovat o ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed pr\u016fm\u011br ve v\u0161ech porostech. Proto\u017ee vysoce n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00e9 saproxylick\u00e9 druhy vy\u017eaduj\u00ed mno\u017estv\u00ed mrtv\u00e9ho d\u0159eva nad 100 m<sup>3<\/sup>\/ha, jsou neobhospoda\u0159ovan\u00e9 lesy z\u00e1sadn\u00ed pro jejich ochranu. Zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed pozornost by m\u011bla b\u00fdt v\u011bnov\u00e1na mrtv\u00e9mu d\u0159evu o velk\u00e9m pr\u016fm\u011bru a v pokro\u010dil\u00e9m st\u00e1diu rozpadu, proto\u017ee v obhospoda\u0159ovan\u00fdch les\u00edch je ho obecn\u011b nedostatek. Nap\u0159\u00edklad pro nejdominantn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed d\u0159evinu v evropsk\u00fdch les\u00edch m\u00edrn\u00e9ho p\u00e1sma, buk lesn\u00ed <em>(Fagus sylvatica)<\/em>, kusy mrtv\u00e9ho d\u0159eva nad 50 cm v pr\u016fm\u011bru by m\u011bly b\u00fdt v porostech zachov\u00e1ny.<\/p>\n<p><strong><a id=\"download2\"><\/a>Ke sta\u017een\u00ed<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: circle;\">\n<li class=\"csl-entry\">Ba\u010de, Radek., &amp; Svoboda, M. (2016). <i><a href=\"https:\/\/hul2.mendelu.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/74451_LP-6-2016-bace-metodika-mrtveho-dreva.pdf\">Management mrtv\u00e9ho d\u0159eva v hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdch les\u00edch:<\/a> certifikovan\u00e1 metodika<\/i>. Lesnick\u00fd pr\u016fvodce \u010d. 6. V\u00daLHM J\u00edlovi\u0161t\u011b Strnady: 44 pp.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Citovan\u00e1 literatura<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: circle;\">\n<li>M\u00fcller, J. and B\u00fctler, R. 2010. A review of habitat thresholds for dead wood: a baseline for<br \/>management recommendations in European forests. European Journal of Forest Research<br \/>129:981\u2013992.<\/li>\n<li>Ranius, T. and Jonsson, M. 2007. Theoretical expectations for thresholds in the relationship<br \/>between number of wood-living species and amount of coarse woody debris: A study case in<br \/>spruce forests. Journal for Nature Conservation 15:120\u2013130.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Obsah str\u00e1nky je v\u00fdtahem adekv\u00e1tn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti kapitoly, kter\u00e1 je uvedena v n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed origin\u00e1ln\u00ed publikaci: Integrative approaches as an opportunity for the conservation of forest biodiversity. Doporu\u010den\u00e1 citace uveden\u00e9 publikace: Kraus D., Krumm F. (eds) 2013. Integrative approaches as an opportunityfor the conservation of forest biodiversity. European Forest Institute. 284 pp. Biotopov\u00e9 stromy jsou velmi velk\u00e9, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"parent":1640,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"zakra_page_container_layout":"customizer","zakra_page_sidebar_layout":"customizer","zakra_remove_content_margin":false,"zakra_sidebar":"customizer","zakra_transparent_header":"customizer","zakra_logo":0,"zakra_main_header_style":"default","zakra_menu_item_color":"","zakra_menu_item_hover_color":"","zakra_menu_item_active_color":"","zakra_menu_active_style":"","zakra_page_header":true,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1656","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/hul2.mendelu.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1656","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/hul2.mendelu.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/hul2.mendelu.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hul2.mendelu.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hul2.mendelu.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1656"}],"version-history":[{"count":28,"href":"https:\/\/hul2.mendelu.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1656\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2202,"href":"https:\/\/hul2.mendelu.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1656\/revisions\/2202"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hul2.mendelu.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1640"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/hul2.mendelu.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1656"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}