{"id":1904,"date":"2023-08-17T07:28:56","date_gmt":"2023-08-17T06:28:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/hul2.mendelu.cz\/?page_id=1904"},"modified":"2023-08-19T08:33:55","modified_gmt":"2023-08-19T07:33:55","slug":"priciny-ohrozeni-biodiverzity","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/hul2.mendelu.cz\/?page_id=1904","title":{"rendered":"P\u0159\u00ed\u010diny ohro\u017een\u00ed biodiverzity"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Obsah str\u00e1nky je v\u00fdtahem a p\u0159ekladem vybran\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed kapitol, kter\u00e9 jsou uvedeny v n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edch origin\u00e1ln\u00edch publikac\u00edch: <em><em><a href=\"https:\/\/hul2.mendelu.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/Ekologie-lesa_kniha.pdf\">Ekologie lesa<\/a><\/em><\/em> a <a href=\"https:\/\/hul2.mendelu.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/Larsen-a-kol_kniha_EFI_fstp_12_2022.pdf\"><em>Closer-to-Nature Forest Management<\/em><\/a>. Doporu\u010den\u00e9 citace uveden\u00fdch publikac\u00ed jsou n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed:\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Rotter, P., &amp; Purchart, L. (2023). <em>Ekologie lesa<\/em>. Mendelova univerzita v Brn\u011b. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11118\/978-80-7509-927-3.<\/p>\n<p>Larsen, J. B., Angelstam, P., Bauhus, J., Carvalho, J. F., Diaci, J., Dobrowolska, D., Gazda, A., Gustafsson, L., Krumm, F., Knoke, T., Konczal, A., Kuuluvainen, T., Mason, B., Motta, R., P\u00f6tzelsberger, E., Rigling, A., &amp; Schuck, A. (2022). <em>Closer-to-Nature Forest Management<\/em>. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.36333\/fs12. <\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p>Ve st\u0159edn\u00ed Evrop\u011b b\u00fdv\u00e1 za hlavn\u00ed p\u0159\u00ed\u010dinu ohro\u017een\u00ed biodiverzity v lesn\u00edch ekosyst\u00e9mech pova\u017eov\u00e1no plo\u0161n\u00e9 intenzivn\u00ed p\u011bstov\u00e1n\u00ed stejnov\u011bk\u00fdch monokultur komer\u010dn\u00edch d\u0159evin, zejm\u00e9na smrku ztepil\u00e9ho <em>(Picea abies)<\/em> a borovice lesn\u00ed <em>(Pinus sylvestris)<\/em>, t\u011b\u017een\u00fdch holose\u010dn\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem. Dal\u0161\u00edmi podstatn\u00fdmi a hospoda\u0159en\u00edm zp\u016fsoben\u00fdmi faktory jsou nedostatek nejr\u016fzn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch forem odum\u0159el\u00e9 d\u0159evn\u00ed biomasy (mrtv\u00e9ho d\u0159eva), star\u00fdch a biotopov\u00fdch strom\u016f, eliminace prost\u0159ed\u00ed sv\u011btl\u00e9ho lesa a odstra\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed tzv. biologick\u00e9ho d\u011bdictv\u00ed p\u0159irozen\u00fdch disturbanc\u00ed nahodil\u00fdmi t\u011b\u017ebami.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Elisabeth P\u00f6tzelsbergerov\u00e1 ve sv\u00e9 publikaci (2021) rozli\u0161uje p\u0159\u00ed\u010diny ohro\u017een\u00ed biodiverzity n\u00e1sledovn\u011b: <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>a) Extern\u00ed p\u0159\u00ed\u010diny (mimo lesn\u00ed hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed)<\/p>\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: circle;\">\n<li>klimatick\u00e9 zm\u011bny,<\/li>\n<li>fragmentace krajiny,<\/li>\n<li>atmosf\u00e9rick\u00e9 depozice n\u011bkter\u00fdch slou\u010denin (nap\u0159. reaktivn\u00edch forem dus\u00edku),<\/li>\n<li>d\u00e1lkov\u00fd \u00falet pesticid\u016f ze zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed,<\/li>\n<li>po\u0161kozen\u00ed zv\u011b\u0159\u00ed,<\/li>\n<li>biologick\u00e9 invaze.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>b) Intern\u00ed p\u0159\u00ed\u010diny (uvnit\u0159 lesn\u00edho hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed)<\/p>\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: circle;\">\n<li>\u00fabytek star\u00fdch strom\u016f, porost\u016f (old-growth forests),<\/li>\n<li>\u00fabytek starobyl\u00fdch les\u016f (ancient forests),<\/li>\n<li>opu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed tradi\u010dn\u00edch zp\u016fsob\u016f hospoda\u0159en\u00ed,<\/li>\n<li>rostouc\u00ed z\u00e1soby porost\u016f,<\/li>\n<li>n\u00e1hrada p\u016fvodn\u00edch les\u016f homogenn\u00edmi (jehli\u010dnat\u00fdmi) plant\u00e1\u017en\u00edmi lesy,<\/li>\n<li>intenzifikace t\u011b\u017eby biomasy, \u010dasto spojen\u00e1 s v\u00fdrobou bioenergie.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>D\u00e1le uv\u00e1d\u00edme rozbor p\u0159\u00ed\u010din ohro\u017een\u00ed biodiverzity jako kompilaci rozs\u00e1hl\u00e9ho souboru publikac\u00ed a jejich autorsk\u00fdch kolektiv\u016f z publikace <a href=\"https:\/\/hul2.mendelu.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/Larsen-a-kol_kniha_EFI_fstp_12_2022.pdf\"><em>Closer-to-Nature Forest Management<\/em><\/a> (tabulka 1).<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/hul2.mendelu.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/Screenshot-2023-08-17-at-16-20-02-Larsen-a-kol_kniha_EFI_fstp_12_2022-3.pdf.png\"><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/hul2.mendelu.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/Screenshot-2023-08-17-at-16-23-55-Larsen-a-kol_kniha_EFI_fstp_12_2022-3.pdf.png\"><strong>Tab. 1<\/strong>: Hlavn\u00ed tlaky na biodiverzitu (rostliny, \u017eivo\u010dichov\u00e9 a houby) zp\u016fsoben\u00e9 lesn\u00edm hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00edm se zam\u011b\u0159en\u00edm na produkci d\u0159eva (vnit\u0159n\u00ed tlaky) a dal\u0161\u00edmi faktory (vn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed tlaky) a jejich d\u016fsledky pro biodiverzitu. <strong>Liter\u00e1rn\u00ed zdroje, kter\u00e9 slou\u017eily jako podklad k tvorb\u011b tabulky<\/strong>: Addison et al. 2019; Bernes et al. 2018; Bernhardt-R\u00f6mermann et al. 2015; Carpio et al. 2021; EEA 2020; Fahrig 2003; Fedrowitz et al. 2014; G\u00f6tmark 2013; Gundale 2021; Ko\u0161uli\u010d et al. 2021; Krumm and V\u00edtkov\u00e1 2016; Liebhold et al. 2017; Lindenmayer and Laurance 2017; Lindner et al. 2013; Milad et al. 2011; O\u2019Brien et al. 2021; Plue et al. 2013; P\u00f6tzelsberger et al. 2021; Stokland et al. 2012; Thorn et al. 2018, 2020b; Thom and Seidl 2016; Unrau et al. 2018; Verheyen et al. 2012; Vil\u00e9n et al. 2016. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Z v\u00fd\u0161e uveden\u00e9ho je z\u0159ejm\u00e9, \u017ee lesn\u00ed hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed ovliv\u0148uje biodiverzitu mnoha zp\u016fsoby. Nap\u0159\u00edklad ovlivn\u011bn\u00edm hustoty a z\u00e1poje porost\u016f, mno\u017estv\u00edm mrtv\u00e9ho d\u0159eva ponechan\u00e9ho v lese, v\u00fdb\u011brem a sm\u011bsmi d\u0159evin, d\u00e9lkou rotace a mno\u017estv\u00edm ponechan\u00fdch star\u00fdch strom\u016f apod. Obdobn\u011b jako v zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed vznik\u00e1 nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed celkov\u00fd probl\u00e9m v oblastech v\u00fdrazn\u00e9 intenzifikace vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed lesa a homogenizace struktury a slo\u017een\u00ed lesa. P\u0159esto je bohu\u017eel nutn\u00e9 si p\u0159ipustit, \u017ee neexistuje \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd univerz\u00e1ln\u00ed model pro optim\u00e1ln\u00ed \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed biodiverzity na \u00farovni krajiny. Heterogenita lesa nap\u0159\u00ed\u010d krajinou je v\u0161ak bezpochyby kl\u00ed\u010dem k vysok\u00e9 rozmanitosti druh\u016f. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Citovan\u00e1 literatura<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: circle;\">\n<li>Addison, S. L., Smaill, S. J., Garrett, L. G., &amp; Wakelin, S. A., 2019. Effects of forest harvest and fertiliser amendment on soil biodiversity and function can persist for decades. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 135, 194-205.<\/li>\n<li>Bernes, C., Macura, B., Jonsson, B.G., Junninen, K., M\u00fcller, J., Sandstr\u00f6m, J., L\u00f5hmus, A., Macdonald, E. 2018. Manipulating ungulate herbivory in temperate and boreal forests: effects on vegetation and invertebrates. A systematic review. Environ Evid 7, 13; https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13750-018-0125-3.<\/li>\n<li>Bernhardt-R\u00f6mermann, M., Baeten, L., Craven, D., De Frenne, P., H\u00e9dl, R., Lenoir, J., &#8230; &amp; Verheyen, K., 2015. Drivers of temporal changes in temperate forest plant diversity vary across spatial scales. Global change biology, 21(10), 3726-3737.<\/li>\n<li>Carpio, A. J., Apollonio, M., &amp; Acevedo, P., 2021. Wild ungulate overabundance in Europe: contexts, causes, monitoring and management recommendations. Mammal Review, 51(1), 95-108.<\/li>\n<li>Fahrig, L., 2003. Effects of habitat fragmentation on biodiversity. Annual review of ecology, evolution, and systematics, 34(1), 487-515.<\/li>\n<li>Fedrowitz, K., Koricheva, J., Baker, S.C., Lindenmayer, D.B., Palik, B., Rosenvald, R., Beese, W., Franklin, J.F., Kouki, J., Macdonald, E. and Messier, C., 2014. Can retention forestry help conserve biodiversity? A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Ecology, 51(6), pp.1669-1679.<\/li>\n<li>G\u00f6tmark, F., 2013. Habitat management alternatives for conservation forests in the temperate zone: Review, synthesis, and implications. Forest Ecology and Management, 306, 292-307.<\/li>\n<li>Gundale, M. J., 2021. The impact of anthropogenic nitrogen deposition on global forests: Negative impacts far exceed the carbon benefits. Global change biology. <span dir=\"ltr\">DOI: 10.1111\/gcb.15959. <\/span><\/li>\n<li>Ko\u0161uli\u010d, O., Proch\u00e1zka, J., Tuf, I. H., &amp; Michalko, R., 2021. Intensive site preparation for reforestation wastes multi-trophic biodiversity potential in commercial oak woodlands. Journal of Environmental Management, 300, 113741.<\/li>\n<li>Krumm, F. and V\u00edtkov\u00e1, L. (eds) 2016. Introduced tree species in European forests: opportunities and challenges. European Forest Institute. 423 pp.<\/li>\n<li>Liebhold, A. M., Brockerhoff, E. G., Kalisz, S., Nu\u00f1ez, M. A., Wardle, D. A., &amp; Wingfield, M. J., 2017. Biological invasions in forest ecosystems. Biological Invasions, 19(11), 3437-3458.<\/li>\n<li>Lindenmayer, D. B., &amp; Laurance, W. F., 2017. The ecology, distribution, conservation and management of large old trees. Biological Reviews, 92(3), 1434-1458.<\/li>\n<li>Lindner, M., Krumm, F., Nabuurs, G.-J., 2013. Biodiversity conservation and forest management in European forest ecosystems under changing climate. In D. Kraus &amp; F. Krumm (Eds.), Integrative approaches as an opportunity for the conservation of forest biodiversity (pp. 206-215). European Forest Institute.<\/li>\n<li>Milad, M., Schaich, H., B\u00fcrgi, M., &amp; Konold, W., 2011. Climate change and nature conservation in Central European forests: a review of consequences, concepts and challenges. Forest ecology and management, 261(4), 829-843.<\/li>\n<li>O\u2019Brien, L., Schuck, A., Fraccaroli, C., P\u00f6tzelsberger, E., Winkel, G. and Lindner, M., 2021: Protecting old-growth forests in Europe &#8211; a review of scientific evidence to inform policy implementation. Final report. European Forest Institute. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.36333\/rs1.<\/li>\n<li>Plue, J., Van Gils, B., De Schrijver, A., Peppler-Lisbach, C., Verheyen, K., &amp; Hermy, M., 2013. Forest herb layer response to long-term light deficit along a forest developmental series. Acta oecologica, 53, 63-72.<\/li>\n<li>P\u00f6tzelsberger, E., Bauhus, J., Muys, B., Wunder, S., Bozzano, M., Farsakoglou, A-M., Schuck, A., Lindner, M. and Lapin, K. 2021 Forest biodiversity in the spotlight \u2013 what drives change? European Forest Institute. <a href=\"https:\/\/efi.int\/publications-bank\/forest-biodiversity-spotlight-what-drives-change\">https:\/\/efi.int\/publications-bank\/forest-biodiversity-spotlight-what-drives-change.<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Stokland, J., Siitonen, J., Jonsson, B.G., 2012. Biodiversity in Dead Wood. Cambridge University Press. ISBN: 9780521888738.<\/li>\n<li>Thorn, S.; B\u00e4ssler, C.; Burton, P.J.; Cahall, R.E.; Campbell, J.L.; Castro, J.; et al., 2018: Impacts of salvage logging on biodiversity \u2013 A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Ecology 55: 279\u2013289. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1365-2664.12945.<\/li>\n<li>Thom, D., Seidl, R., 2016. Natural disturbance impacts on ecosystem services and biodiversity in temperate and boreal forests. Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 91 (3), 760\u2013781. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/brv.12193.<\/li>\n<li>Unrau, A., Becker, G., Spinelli, R., Lazdina, D., Magagnotti, N., Nicolescu, V.N., Buckley, P., Bartlett, D., Kofman, P.D. (Eds.) 2018. Coppice Forests in Europe. Freiburg i. Br., Germany: Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg.<\/li>\n<li>Verheyen, Kris, Lander Baeten, Pieter De Frenne, Markus Bernhardt-R\u00f6mermann, J\u00f6rg Brunet, Johnny Cornelis, Guillaume Decocq et al., 2012. Driving factors behind the eutrophication signal in understorey plant communities of deciduous temperate forests. Journal of Ecology 100, no. 2: 352-365.<\/li>\n<li>Vil\u00e9n, T., Cienciala, E., Schelhaas, M. J., Verkerk, P. J., Lindner, M., &amp; Peltola, H., 2016. Increasing carbon sinks in European forests: effects of afforestation and changes in mean growing stock volume. Forestry: An International Journal of Forest Research, 89(1), 82-90.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Obsah str\u00e1nky je v\u00fdtahem a p\u0159ekladem vybran\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed kapitol, kter\u00e9 jsou uvedeny v n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edch origin\u00e1ln\u00edch publikac\u00edch: Ekologie lesa a Closer-to-Nature Forest Management. Doporu\u010den\u00e9 citace uveden\u00fdch publikac\u00ed jsou n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed:\u00a0 Rotter, P., &amp; Purchart, L. (2023). Ekologie lesa. Mendelova univerzita v Brn\u011b. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11118\/978-80-7509-927-3. Larsen, J. B., Angelstam, P., Bauhus, J., Carvalho, J. F., Diaci, J., Dobrowolska, D., [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"parent":1899,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"zakra_page_container_layout":"customizer","zakra_page_sidebar_layout":"customizer","zakra_remove_content_margin":false,"zakra_sidebar":"customizer","zakra_transparent_header":"customizer","zakra_logo":0,"zakra_main_header_style":"default","zakra_menu_item_color":"","zakra_menu_item_hover_color":"","zakra_menu_item_active_color":"","zakra_menu_active_style":"","zakra_page_header":true,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1904","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/hul2.mendelu.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1904","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/hul2.mendelu.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/hul2.mendelu.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hul2.mendelu.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hul2.mendelu.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1904"}],"version-history":[{"count":13,"href":"https:\/\/hul2.mendelu.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1904\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2191,"href":"https:\/\/hul2.mendelu.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1904\/revisions\/2191"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hul2.mendelu.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1899"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/hul2.mendelu.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1904"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}