{"id":1908,"date":"2023-08-17T07:30:23","date_gmt":"2023-08-17T06:30:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/hul2.mendelu.cz\/?page_id=1908"},"modified":"2023-08-26T04:04:02","modified_gmt":"2023-08-26T03:04:02","slug":"biodiverzita-a-hospodarska-uprava-lesa","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/hul2.mendelu.cz\/?page_id=1908","title":{"rendered":"Biodiverzita a hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e1 \u00faprava lesa"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Obsah str\u00e1nky je v\u00fdtahem adekv\u00e1tn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti kapitoly, kter\u00e1 je uvedena v n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed origin\u00e1ln\u00ed publikaci: Closer-to-Nature Forest Management<\/em><\/a>. Doporu\u010den\u00e1 citace uveden\u00e9 publikace: Larsen, J. B., Angelstam, P., Bauhus, J., Carvalho, J. F., Diaci, J., Dobrowolska, D., Gazda, A., Gustafsson, L., Krumm, F., Knoke, T., Konczal, A., Kuuluvainen, T., Mason, B., Motta, R., P\u00f6tzelsberger, E., Rigling, A., & Schuck, A. (2022). Closer-to-Nature Forest Management<\/em>. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.36333\/fs12.<\/p>\n

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Biodiverzita je definov\u00e1na jako variabilita mezi geny, druhy a ekosyst\u00e9my, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e jej\u00ed zm\u011bny mohou ovlivnit nab\u00eddku ekosyst\u00e9mov\u00fdch slu\u017eeb. Biodiverzita m\u00e1 tak\u00e9 kulturn\u00ed, etick\u00e9 a nepen\u011b\u017en\u00ed hodnoty, kter\u00e9 p\u0159isp\u00edvaj\u00ed k lidsk\u00e9mu blahobytu (Szaro a Johnston 1996; Hunter a kol. 2014; IPBES 2019; Gossner a Wohlgemuth, 2020; Piras a kol. 2021).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Druhy \u017eij\u00edc\u00ed v lese a jejich genetick\u00e9 variace se vyv\u00edjely tis\u00edce nebo dokonce miliony let a byly p\u0159izp\u016fsobeny podm\u00ednk\u00e1m prost\u0159ed\u00ed p\u0159ed antropoc\u00e9nem. Nahl\u00e9dnut\u00ed do minul\u00fdch vzorc\u016f a proces\u016f v r\u016fzn\u00fdch m\u011b\u0159\u00edtc\u00edch tak nab\u00edz\u00ed n\u00e1vod, jak zachovat p\u0159irozen\u00e9 lesn\u00ed ekosyst\u00e9my a s nimi spojen\u00e9 druhy a genetick\u00e9 variace. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rostliny, zv\u00ed\u0159ata, houby a jednobun\u011b\u010dn\u00e9 organismy se vz\u00e1jemn\u011b ovliv\u0148uj\u00ed a jsou z\u00e1kladem ekosyst\u00e9mov\u00fdch funkc\u00ed a proces\u016f (Science for Environment Policy 2021). Poskytov\u00e1n\u00ed ekosyst\u00e9mov\u00fdch slu\u017eeb<\/strong>, jako je produkce d\u0159eva, \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed vody, sekvestrace uhl\u00edku a rekreace a \u00fadr\u017eba multifunk\u010dn\u00edch les\u016f, z\u00e1vis\u00ed na dob\u0159e funguj\u00edc\u00edch druz\u00edch a jejich interakc\u00edch (Krumm et al. 2020). Nap\u0159\u00edklad v\u011bt\u0161ina strom\u016f pot\u0159ebuje symbiotick\u00e9 spojen\u00ed s houbami (mykorhiza), aby z\u00edskaly \u017eiviny, a nap\u0159. d\u00e1le v\u010dely, vosy, mot\u00fdli, brouci, m\u016fry a pest\u0159enky opyluj\u00ed mnoho bylinn\u00fdch rostlin na lesn\u00ed p\u016fd\u011b (Kraus a Krumm 2013).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00fdzkum ukazuje, \u017ee zachov\u00e1n\u00ed genetick\u00e9, struktur\u00e1ln\u00ed a funk\u010dn\u00ed diverzity v lesn\u00edch spole\u010denstvech tvo\u0159\u00ed dobr\u00fd z\u00e1klad pro multifunk\u010dn\u00ed a udr\u017eiteln\u00e9 vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed les\u016f<\/strong> (Kraus a Krumm 2013). P\u016fdn\u00ed biodiverzita<\/strong> je m\u00e9n\u011b zn\u00e1m\u00e1, ale je z\u00e1sadn\u00ed pro fungov\u00e1n\u00ed suchozemsk\u00fdch ekosyst\u00e9m\u016f prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm interakc\u00ed s nadzemn\u00ed biodiverzitou (Nielsen et al. 2015; Guerra et al. 2020). Intenzita, frekvence a prostorov\u00fd rozsah p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edch poruch (disturbanc\u00ed), jako jsou sucha, po\u017e\u00e1ry, vich\u0159ice, povodn\u011b a v\u00fdskyty hmyzu, byly z\u00e1sadn\u00ed pro ur\u010den\u00ed struktury lesa a distribuce organism\u016f na stromech, v porostech a nap\u0159\u00ed\u010d krajinou (Kuuluvainen et al. 2021). Tato prostorov\u00e1 z\u00e1vislost d\u011bl\u00e1 biodiverzitu v r\u016fzn\u00fdch m\u011b\u0159\u00edtc\u00edch d\u016fle\u017eitou. U druh\u016f se tyto stupnice \u010dasto ozna\u010duj\u00ed jako diverzita alfa<\/strong> (m\u00edsta), beta<\/strong> (mezi lokalitami) a gama<\/strong> (krajina nebo jin\u00e1 vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed jednotka).<\/p>\n

D\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdm principem pro ochranu druh\u016f v krajin\u011b je zkratka „BBMJ“<\/strong> (Lawton et al. 2010), kde BBMJ znamen\u00e1 Better (kvalita), Bigger (velikost plochy), More (kvantita) a Joined (funk\u010dn\u00ed konektivita<\/strong>). Validace model\u016f stanovi\u0161\u0165 pro r\u016fzn\u00e9 druhy demonstruje d\u016fle\u017eitou roli dostate\u010dn\u00e9ho mno\u017estv\u00ed s\u00edt\u00ed stanovi\u0161\u0165, kter\u00e1 spl\u0148uj\u00ed v\u0161echna tato krit\u00e9ria (Angelstam et al. 2020). Kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdm faktorem je nakonec mno\u017estv\u00ed stanovi\u0161\u0165<\/strong> (Fahrig et al. 2013; Watling et al. 2020). Kontrastn\u00ed re\u017eimy p\u0159irozen\u00e9ho naru\u0161en\u00ed v Evrop\u011b, na kter\u00e9 jsou druhy adaptov\u00e1ny, pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b ovlivnily schopnosti \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed druh\u016f. V oblastech s rozs\u00e1hl\u00fdmi a intenzivn\u00edmi poruchami, jako jsou po\u017e\u00e1ry, se druhy pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b pom\u011brn\u011b snadno rozpt\u00fdl\u00ed, a konektivita je proto sp\u00ed\u0161e ned\u016fle\u017eit\u00e1. Naproti tomu v regionech s m\u00e9n\u011b \u010dast\u00fdmi a men\u0161\u00edmi poruchami, jako jsou poruchy zp\u016fsoben\u00e9 v\u011btrem nebo omezen\u00fdm v\u00fdskytem \u0161k\u016fdc\u016f, bude kapacita rozptylu pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b men\u0161\u00ed a d\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed je proto konektivita.<\/p>\n

V\u00fdznam disturbanc\u00ed pro biodiverzitu tak\u00e9 nazna\u010duje, \u017ee nejen ned\u00e1vno naru\u0161en\u00e9 oblasti, ale i jejich d\u016fsledky (star\u00e9 stromy a mrtv\u00e9 d\u0159evo v r\u016fzn\u00fdch st\u00e1di\u00edch rozpadu<\/strong>, stejn\u011b jako otev\u0159en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed lesy), poskytuj\u00ed mno\u017estv\u00ed stanovi\u0161\u0165 pro mnoho druh\u016f (Swanson et al. 2014; Hilmers et al. 2018). Odhaduje se, \u017ee 20 a\u017e 40 % lesn\u00edch rostlin, zv\u00ed\u0159at a hub z\u00e1vis\u00ed na mrtv\u00e9m nebo odum\u00edraj\u00edc\u00edm d\u0159ev\u011b v ur\u010dit\u00e9 f\u00e1zi jejich \u017eivotn\u00edho cyklu (Bauhus et al. 2019).<\/p>\n

Tradi\u010dn\u00ed syst\u00e9my hospoda\u0159en\u00ed v les\u00edch<\/strong>, jako jsou pa\u0159eziny a sdru\u017een\u00e9 lesy, a tak\u00e9 agro-silvopastor\u00e1ln\u00ed postupy, jako je pastva, senose\u010de a podpora bohat\u00e9 rozmanitosti druh\u016f strom\u016f, p\u0159isp\u011bly k udr\u017een\u00ed specifick\u00fdch stanovi\u0161\u0165 cenn\u00fdch pro mnoho organism\u016f (Horak et al. 2014; Unrau a kol. 2018; Mantero a kol. 2020; Johann 2021). Biologick\u00e1 a kulturn\u00ed rozmanitost zasahuje spole\u010dn\u011b do mnoha evropsk\u00fdch krajin a kombinuje historick\u00e9 a p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed procesy (Targetti et al. 2014; B\u00fcrgi et al. 2015). To m\u00e1 tak\u00e9 d\u016fsledky pro biologickou rozmanitost a p\u0159\u00edrod\u011b bl\u00edzk\u00e9 lesn\u00ed hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed, proto\u017ee mnoho krajin je multifunk\u010dn\u00edch. P\u0159i zav\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed integrativn\u00edch p\u0159\u00edstup\u016f lesn\u00edho hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed<\/strong> je tak\u00e9 d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 vz\u00edt v \u00favahu \u00fa\u010dinky kulturn\u00edch aspekt\u016f na biologickou rozmanitost, pochopit, jak tyto vazby ovlivnily druhy a stanovi\u0161t\u011b, a interpretovat vztahy mezi kulturn\u00ed a biologickou rozmanitost\u00ed s ohledem na funkce krajiny<\/strong> (Turner et al. 2007 ). Krajina v mnoha evropsk\u00fdch regionech m\u00e1 dynamickou povahu a zm\u011bny jsou v\u00fdsledkem vz\u00e1jemn\u00e9ho p\u016fsoben\u00ed p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edch a kulturn\u00edch faktor\u016f, kter\u00e9 \u010dasto p\u016fsob\u00ed v r\u016fzn\u00fdch \u010dasov\u00fdch m\u011b\u0159\u00edtc\u00edch a kde se mohou v pr\u016fb\u011bhu \u010dasu m\u011bnit i tradi\u010dn\u00ed \u010dinnosti (Antro 2006). N\u011bkter\u00e9 krajiny \u010dasto p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed vysokou \u00farove\u0148 rozmanitosti stanovi\u0161\u0165 souvisej\u00edc\u00ed s mozaikou vytvo\u0159enou aplikac\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00fdch re\u017eim\u016f hospoda\u0159en\u00ed. V n\u011bkter\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpadech byla kulturn\u00ed a rozmanit\u00e1 krajina \u010dasto spravov\u00e1na drobn\u00fdmi zem\u011bd\u011blci a vlastn\u00edky.<\/p>\n

R\u016fst nov\u00fdch les\u016f v Evrop\u011b \u010dasto vytvo\u0159il homogenn\u00ed lesn\u00ed porost s malou prostorovou rozmanitost\u00ed, co\u017e p\u0159isp\u00edv\u00e1 ke ztr\u00e1t\u011b biologick\u00fdch a kulturn\u00edch hodnot. Na druh\u00e9 stran\u011b m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt pot\u0159eba zachovat kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e1 stanovi\u0161t\u011b vypl\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00ed z vz\u00e1jemn\u00fdch vliv\u016f mezi lidmi a p\u0159\u00edrodou (Adams 2003; Carver 2014). \u0160ir\u0161\u00ed krajinn\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstup proto umo\u017e\u0148uje uva\u017eovat o integraci environment\u00e1ln\u00edch, ekonomick\u00fdch a soci\u00e1ln\u00edch syst\u00e9m\u016f.<\/p>\n

Citovan\u00e1 literatura<\/strong><\/p>\n

Pou\u017eit\u00e1 literatura je uvedena v publikaci Closer-to-Nature Forest Management<\/em><\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Obsah str\u00e1nky je v\u00fdtahem adekv\u00e1tn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti kapitoly, kter\u00e1 je uvedena v n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed origin\u00e1ln\u00ed publikaci: Closer-to-Nature Forest Management. Doporu\u010den\u00e1 citace uveden\u00e9 publikace: Larsen, J. B., Angelstam, P., Bauhus, J., Carvalho, J. F., Diaci, J., Dobrowolska, D., Gazda, A., Gustafsson, L., Krumm, F., Knoke, T., Konczal, A., Kuuluvainen, T., Mason, B., Motta, R., P\u00f6tzelsberger, E., Rigling, A., […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"parent":1899,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"zakra_page_container_layout":"customizer","zakra_page_sidebar_layout":"customizer","zakra_remove_content_margin":false,"zakra_sidebar":"customizer","zakra_transparent_header":"customizer","zakra_logo":0,"zakra_main_header_style":"default","zakra_menu_item_color":"","zakra_menu_item_hover_color":"","zakra_menu_item_active_color":"","zakra_menu_active_style":"","zakra_page_header":true,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1908","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/hul2.mendelu.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1908","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/hul2.mendelu.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/hul2.mendelu.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hul2.mendelu.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hul2.mendelu.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1908"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/hul2.mendelu.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1908\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2373,"href":"https:\/\/hul2.mendelu.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1908\/revisions\/2373"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hul2.mendelu.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1899"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/hul2.mendelu.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1908"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}