{"id":2348,"date":"2023-08-26T02:52:26","date_gmt":"2023-08-26T01:52:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/hul2.mendelu.cz\/?page_id=2348"},"modified":"2023-08-26T03:57:09","modified_gmt":"2023-08-26T02:57:09","slug":"jak-hospodarit-v-lesich-s-ohledem-na-ochranu-a-podporu-biodiverzity","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/hul2.mendelu.cz\/?page_id=2348","title":{"rendered":"Jak hospoda\u0159it v les\u00edch s ohledem na ochranu a podporu biodiverzity"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Obsah str\u00e1nky je v\u00fdtahem adekv\u00e1tn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti kapitoly, kter\u00e1 je uvedena v n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed origin\u00e1ln\u00ed publikaci: Muys, B., Angelstam, P., Bauhus, J., Bouriaud, L., Jactel, H., Kraigher, H., M\u00fcller, J., Pettorelli, N.,<br \/>P\u00f6tzelsberger, E., Primmer, E., Svoboda, M., Thorsen, B.J., Van Meerbeek, K. 2022. <a href=\"https:\/\/hul2.mendelu.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/Muysetal_2022_ForestBiodiversityinEurope_efi_fstp.pdf\">Forest Biodiversity in Europe<\/a>. From Science to Policy 13. European Forest Institute. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.36333\/fs13.<\/p>\n<h2>Obsah<\/h2>\n<p><a href=\"#porost\">\u00daprava diverzity druh\u016f a biotop\u016f na \u00farovni porostu<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#krajina\">\u00daprava diverzity druh\u016f a ekosyst\u00e9m\u016f v krajinn\u00e9m m\u011b\u0159\u00edtku<\/a><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p>V\u011bt\u0161ina les\u016f Evropy (\u010ceskou republiku nevyj\u00edmaje) je ji\u017e dlouhou dobu klasicky lesnicky obhospoda\u0159ov\u00e1na. Toto hospoda\u0159en\u00ed se tradi\u010dn\u011b zam\u011b\u0159ovalo na produkci d\u0159eva. Nyn\u00ed s\u00edl\u00ed tlaky na podporu mimoproduk\u010dn\u00edch funkc\u00ed lesa (ekosyst\u00e9mov\u00fdch slu\u017eeb), v\u010detn\u011b biodiverzity. D\u00e1le se proto zam\u011b\u0159\u00edme na popis toho, jak lesy hospod\u00e1\u0159sky upravovat tak, aby mohly p\u0159isp\u00edvat k ochran\u011b a podpo\u0159e biodiverzity (v m\u011b\u0159\u00edtku porostu \u010di krajiny).<\/p>\n<p><strong><a id=\"porost\"><\/a>\u00daprava diverzity druh\u016f a biotop\u016f na \u00farovni porostu<\/strong><br \/>K podpo\u0159e rozmanitosti stanovi\u0161\u0165 a druh\u016f v porostn\u00edm m\u011b\u0159\u00edtku se doporu\u010duj\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstupy, kter\u00e9 se pokou\u0161ej\u00ed zv\u00fd\u0161it heterogenitu v n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edch \u00farovn\u00edch:<\/p>\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: circle;\">\n<li>druhov\u00e9 slo\u017een\u00ed a rozmanitost strom\u016f a ke\u0159\u016f,<\/li>\n<li>horizont\u00e1ln\u00ed a vertik\u00e1ln\u00ed r\u016fznorodost struktur porost\u016f,<\/li>\n<li>mno\u017estv\u00ed a variabilita rozkl\u00e1daj\u00edc\u00edho se a mrtv\u00e9ho d\u0159eva a mikrostanovi\u0161\u0165 habitatov\u00fdch strom\u016f r\u016fzn\u00fdch druh\u016f.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>V\u0161echny t\u0159i \u00farovn\u011b b\u00fdvaj\u00ed v hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdch les\u00edch (se zam\u011b\u0159en\u00edm na produkci d\u0159eva) v\u00fdrazn\u011b redukov\u00e1ny ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edmi lesy. Jak na \u00farovni porostu, tak i krajiny je specifick\u00fdm probl\u00e9mem managementu biodiverzity management zv\u011b\u0159e.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbnail\" src=\"https:\/\/hul2.mendelu.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/Screenshot-2023-08-26-at-13-51-09-The-impact-of-even\u2010aged-and-uneven\u2010aged-forest-management-on-regional-biodiversity-of-multiple-taxa-in-European-beech-forests.png\" alt=\"\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong>Obr. Koncep\u010dn\u00ed r\u00e1mec mo\u017en\u00fdch vliv\u016f prostorov\u00e9ho zrna na biodiverzitu vypl\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00ed z r\u016fzn\u00fdch syst\u00e9m\u016f hospoda\u0159en\u00ed v les\u00edch<\/strong>. (a) Lesn\u00ed hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 syst\u00e9my se v z\u00e1sad\u011b li\u0161\u00ed velikost\u00ed ploch kohort stejnov\u011bk\u00fdch strom\u016f, co\u017e m\u00e1 za n\u00e1sledek r\u016fznou struktur\u00e1ln\u00ed slo\u017eitost na omezen\u00e9 plo\u0161e lesn\u00edho porostu. \u010clov\u011bkem zp\u016fsoben\u00e9 (nebo p\u0159irozen\u00e9) naru\u0161en\u00ed je hnac\u00edm motorem prostorov\u00e9ho zrna a tak\u00e9 ovliv\u0148uje kontinuitu m\u00edstn\u00edch stanovi\u0161\u0165. (b) Prostorov\u00e9 zrno syst\u00e9m\u016f lesn\u00edho hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed od velkoplo\u0161n\u00fdch holose\u010d\u00ed a\u017e po v\u00fdb\u011br jednotliv\u00fdch strom\u016f. V holose\u010den\u00fdch syst\u00e9mech biologick\u00e1 rozmanitost t\u011b\u017e\u00ed ze zachov\u00e1n\u00ed strom\u016f a men\u0161\u00ed velikosti plochy d\u00edky lep\u0161\u00ed kontinuit\u011b stanovi\u0161\u0165 a konektivit\u011b stanovi\u0161\u0165 (\u010dern\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1ra). Nap\u0159. v evropsk\u00fdch bukov\u00fdch les\u00edch byly lesy v\u011bkov\u00fdch t\u0159\u00edd tradi\u010dn\u011b v\u00fdsledkem t\u011b\u017eby d\u0159eva v pr\u016fb\u011bhu asi 30 let. \u010cerven\u00e1 p\u0159eru\u0161ovan\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1ra ozna\u010duje potenci\u00e1ln\u00ed efekt biodiverzity lesn\u00edch hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdch syst\u00e9m\u016f, kter\u00e9 d\u00e1le zvy\u0161uj\u00ed prostorovou heterogenitu, nap\u0159. clonnou se\u010d\u00ed, skupinov\u00fdm a jednotliv\u00fdm v\u00fdb\u011brem strom\u016f, co\u017e m\u00e1 za n\u00e1sledek vznik nestejnov\u011bk\u00fdch les\u016f (podle: <a href=\"https:\/\/besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/1365-2664.12950#\">Schall et al., 2018<\/a>).<\/p>\n<p><strong><a id=\"krajina\"><\/a>\u00daprava diverzity druh\u016f a ekosyst\u00e9m\u016f v krajinn\u00e9m m\u011b\u0159\u00edtku<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Evropsk\u00e9 krajiny jsou velmi r\u016fznorod\u00e9, rozsah t\u00e9to r\u016fznosti v podstat\u011b ohrani\u010duj\u00ed dv\u011b krajn\u00ed polohy: od t\u00e9, v n\u00ed\u017e p\u0159evl\u00e1d\u00e1 les, a\u017e po tu, kter\u00e1 je p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e1, pouze s n\u011bkolika fragmenty les\u016f.<br \/>V krajin\u011b s p\u0159evahou les\u016f existuje voln\u00e1 migrace druh\u016f. Lesy nekladou odpor migraci lesn\u00edch druh\u016f (neplat\u00ed to v\u0161ak zcela, nap\u0159. nikoliv pro specializovan\u00e9 druhy).<\/p>\n<p>Nap\u0159\u00ed\u010d p\u0159irozen\u011b dynamicky se vyv\u00edjej\u00edc\u00ed krajinou, kde existuje variabilita abiotick\u00fdch podm\u00ednek (m\u00edstn\u00edho klimatu, p\u016fdn\u00edch a topografick\u00fdch pom\u011br\u016f), se to odr\u00e1\u017e\u00ed v existenci heterogenn\u00edch, dynamicky se vyv\u00edjej\u00edc\u00edch mozaik r\u016fzn\u00fdch typ\u016f lesa. Udr\u017eovat a podporovat biologickou rozmanitost zde proto znamen\u00e1:<\/p>\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: circle;\">\n<li>Identifikovat a zachov\u00e1vat margin\u00e1ln\u00ed (okrajov\u011b se vyskytuj\u00edc\u00ed) stanovi\u0161t\u011b (habitaty), jako jsou nap\u0159\u00edklad vodn\u00ed prameny, vodn\u00ed toky, mok\u0159ady, ra\u0161elini\u0161t\u011b, skalnat\u00e9 lokality a topograficky extr\u00e9mn\u00ed lokality s ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed hustotou strom\u016f.<\/li>\n<li>Pochopit a napodobovat p\u0159irozen\u00e9 disturbance, kter\u00e9 jsou kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 pro podporu biodiverzity a jsou z\u00e1kladem tzv. ekologick\u00e9ho lesnictv\u00ed. Jeho c\u00edlem je snaha o zachov\u00e1n\u00ed a obnovu struktur\u00e1ln\u00ed slo\u017eitosti v les\u00edch na z\u00e1klad\u011b vzorc\u016f nalezen\u00fdch v porostech a krajin\u00e1ch, kter\u00e9 byly formov\u00e1ny p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edmi disturbancemi. V\u00fdsledkem jsou techniky, je\u017e kombinuj\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00e9 p\u011bstebn\u00ed syst\u00e9my s adekv\u00e1tn\u00ed d\u00e9lkou rotace hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9ho cyklu a intenzitou managementu.<\/li>\n<li>Udr\u017eovat dostate\u010dn\u011b velk\u00fdch ploch dosp\u011bl\u00fdch a star\u00fdch porost\u016f nap\u0159\u00ed\u010d krajinou, v\u010detn\u011b zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed jejich konektivity (propojen\u00ed).<\/li>\n<li>Ponech\u00e1vat dostate\u010dn\u011b velk\u00e9 skupiny strom\u016f \u010di porost\u016f bez managementu jako mo\u017enost, jak ovlivnit v\u011bkovou strukturu lesa, resp. krajiny.<\/li>\n<li>Napodobovat strukturn\u00ed heterogenitu zn\u00e1mou z p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edch lesn\u00edch krajin. Zde je mo\u017en\u00e9 vyu\u017e\u00edt r\u016fzn\u00fdch p\u011bstebn\u00edch technik a syst\u00e9m\u016f ve variabiln\u00edch prostorov\u00fdch m\u011b\u0159\u00edtk\u00e1ch. Pat\u0159\u00ed sem nap\u0159. pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed skupinovit\u00fdch v\u00fdb\u011br\u016f nebo podrostn\u00edch zp\u016fsob\u016f hospoda\u0159en\u00ed, kter\u00e9 vedou k zachov\u00e1n\u00ed a podpo\u0159e v\u00edce et\u00e1\u017eovit\u00e9 (multi kohortn\u00ed) struktury pozdn\u011b sukcesn\u00edch v\u00fdvojov\u00fdch f\u00e1z\u00ed porost\u016f. K udr\u017een\u00ed heterogenity v m\u011b\u0159\u00edtku krajiny to v\u0161ak samo o sob\u011b nesta\u010d\u00ed.<\/li>\n<li>Doporu\u010duje se proto kombinovat v\u00fd\u0161e uveden\u00e9 s p\u011bstebn\u00edmi syst\u00e9my, kter\u00e9 vy\u017eaduj\u00ed siln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed t\u011b\u017eebn\u00ed z\u00e1sahy (sni\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed \u00farovn\u011b z\u00e1poje, hustoty porost\u016f) a zahrnuj\u00ed p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edch disturbanc\u00ed do procesu obnovy (regenerace) lesa.<\/li>\n<li>Sna\u017eit se maxim\u00e1ln\u011b diferencovat t\u011b\u017ebu d\u0159eva (jak z hlediska intenzity, tak plo\u0161n\u00e9ho rozsahu) v r\u00e1mci tradi\u010dn\u00edch syst\u00e9m\u016f p\u011bstov\u00e1n\u00ed lesa. Vhodn\u00e9 je proto pou\u017e\u00edvat prostorov\u011b diverzifikovan\u00e9 vzorce t\u011b\u017eeb k podpo\u0159e velikosti a propojen\u00ed stanovi\u0161\u0165 (habitat\u016f).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Pro krajinu s p\u0159evahou zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed plat\u00ed stejn\u00e9 hlavn\u00ed z\u00e1sady jako pro krajiny s p\u0159evahou les\u016f. Les se zde v\u0161ak vyskytuje pouze ve form\u011b fragment\u016f, kter\u00e9 n\u011bkdy b\u00fdvaj\u00ed v krajin\u00e1ch s velmi intenzivn\u00ed zem\u011bd\u011blskou v\u00fdrobou \u010di hustou dopravn\u00ed infrastrukturou p\u0159irovn\u00e1v\u00e1ny k jak\u00fdmsi \u201eostrov\u016fm\u201c. Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed rozd\u00edl oproti krajin\u00e1m s p\u0159evl\u00e1daj\u00edc\u00edmi lesy je v tom, \u017ee velikost populace druh\u016f souvisej\u00edc\u00edch s lesem je omezena na men\u0161\u00ed fragmenty les\u016f a komunikaci mezi populacemi br\u00e1n\u00ed zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e1 matrice nevhodn\u00e1 pro lesn\u00ed druhy. V takov\u00e9m kontextu by se management orientovan\u00fd na biologickou rozmanitost m\u011bl zam\u011b\u0159it p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm na roz\u0161i\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed zachov\u00e1n\u00ed fragment\u016f lesa a maximalizaci jejich struktur\u00e1ln\u00ed a funk\u010dn\u00ed propojenosti (konektivity). Zv\u011bt\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00edch fragment\u016f lesa je v\u00fdhodn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed nov\u00fdch ploch, proto\u017ee chr\u00e1n\u00ed j\u00e1drovou oblast fragmentu p\u0159ed invaz\u00ed pleveln\u00fdch rostlin a p\u0159ed p\u0159\u00edlivem hnojiv a pesticid\u016f, b\u011b\u017en\u011b pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdch p\u0159i zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00fdch \u010dinnostech.<\/p>\n<p>Zv\u011bt\u0161en\u00e9 fragmenty tak\u00e9 podpo\u0159\u00ed populace druh\u016f s omezenou pohyblivost\u00ed, co\u017e je zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9, jsou-li fragmenty nap\u0159. (pra)star\u00e9 lesy. Maximalizace konektivity lze dos\u00e1hnout zachov\u00e1n\u00edm a obnovou stromov\u00fdch krajinn\u00fdch prvk\u016f, jako jsou zbytky stanovi\u0161\u0165 rem\u00edzk\u016f a star\u00fdch h\u00e1j\u016f a strom\u016f, \u017eiv\u00e9 ploty a stromy lemovan\u00e9 pr\u016fchody, a\/nebo vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00edm nov\u00fdch fragment\u016f jako odrazov\u00fdch m\u016fstk\u016f. Specifick\u00fdm probl\u00e9mem managementu biodiverzity v krajinn\u00e9m m\u011b\u0159\u00edtku je pak management zv\u011b\u0159e.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/hul2.mendelu.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/Screenshot-2023-08-26-at-13-45-59-Muysetal_2022_ForestBiodiversityinEurope_efi_fstp-1.pdf.png\" \/><strong>Obr. 7<\/strong>: Schematick\u00e9 zn\u00e1zorn\u011bn\u00ed integrace biodiverzity do lesn\u00edho hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed v krajinn\u00e9m m\u011b\u0159\u00edtku. <strong>A. (horn\u00ed panel) Krajina s p\u0159evahou les\u016f<\/strong>; matrici tvo\u0159\u00ed v\u00edce\u00fa\u010delov\u00fd les s produkc\u00ed d\u0159eva, obsahuj\u00edc\u00ed plochy stanovi\u0161tn\u00edch strom\u016f a mrtv\u00e9ho d\u0159eva i jednotliv\u00e9 stanovi\u0161tn\u00ed stromy; drobn\u00e9 tmav\u011b zelen\u00e9 plochy p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed star\u00e9 porosty nebo speci\u00e1ln\u00ed biotopy (1\u201310 ha); <strong>B. (doln\u00ed panel) Zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e1 krajina<\/strong>; matrici tvo\u0159\u00ed zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e1 p\u016fda se zbytkov\u00fdmi stromy a \u017eiv\u00fdmi ploty funguj\u00edc\u00edmi jako odrazov\u00fd m\u016fstek biodiverzity, p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm ale pro mobiln\u00ed \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed druh\u016f.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Citovan\u00e1 literatura<\/strong><\/p>\n<div class=\"csl-entry\">Schall, P., Gossner, M. M., Heinrichs, S., Fischer, M., Boch, S., Prati, D., Jung, K., Baumgartner, V., Blaser, S., B\u00f6hm, S., Buscot, F., Daniel, R., Goldmann, K., Kaiser, K., Kahl, T., Lange, M., M\u00fcller, J., Overmann, J., Renner, S. C., \u2026 Ammer, C. (2018). The impact of even-aged and uneven-aged forest management on regional biodiversity of multiple taxa in European beech forests. <i>Journal of Applied Ecology<\/i>, <i>55<\/i>(1), 267\u2013278. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1365-2664.12950<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Obsah str\u00e1nky je v\u00fdtahem adekv\u00e1tn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti kapitoly, kter\u00e1 je uvedena v n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed origin\u00e1ln\u00ed publikaci: Muys, B., Angelstam, P., Bauhus, J., Bouriaud, L., Jactel, H., Kraigher, H., M\u00fcller, J., Pettorelli, N.,P\u00f6tzelsberger, E., Primmer, E., Svoboda, M., Thorsen, B.J., Van Meerbeek, K. 2022. Forest Biodiversity in Europe. From Science to Policy 13. European Forest Institute. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.36333\/fs13. Obsah [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"parent":1899,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"zakra_page_container_layout":"customizer","zakra_page_sidebar_layout":"customizer","zakra_remove_content_margin":false,"zakra_sidebar":"customizer","zakra_transparent_header":"customizer","zakra_logo":0,"zakra_main_header_style":"default","zakra_menu_item_color":"","zakra_menu_item_hover_color":"","zakra_menu_item_active_color":"","zakra_menu_active_style":"","zakra_page_header":true,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2348","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/hul2.mendelu.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2348","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/hul2.mendelu.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/hul2.mendelu.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hul2.mendelu.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hul2.mendelu.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=2348"}],"version-history":[{"count":12,"href":"https:\/\/hul2.mendelu.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2348\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2371,"href":"https:\/\/hul2.mendelu.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2348\/revisions\/2371"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hul2.mendelu.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1899"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/hul2.mendelu.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=2348"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}