{"id":2374,"date":"2023-08-26T04:18:19","date_gmt":"2023-08-26T03:18:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/hul2.mendelu.cz\/?page_id=2374"},"modified":"2023-08-28T08:45:08","modified_gmt":"2023-08-28T07:45:08","slug":"ramce-ekosystemovych-sluzeb-v-hospodarsko-upravnickem-planovani","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/hul2.mendelu.cz\/?page_id=2374","title":{"rendered":"R\u00e1mce ekosyst\u00e9mov\u00fdch slu\u017eeb v hospod\u00e1\u0159sko-\u00fapravnick\u00e9m pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Obsah str\u00e1nky je v\u00fdtahem adekv\u00e1tn\u00edch \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed uveden\u00fdch v n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edch origin\u00e1ln\u00edch publikac\u00edch:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Baskent, E. Z. (2020). A Framework for Characterizing and Regulating Ecosystem Services in a Management Planning Context. <em>Forests<\/em>, <em>11<\/em>(1), 102. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4907\/11\/1\/102\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/f11010102<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Baskent, E. Z., Borges, J. G., Ka\u0161par, J., &amp; Tahri, M. (2020). A Design for Addressing Multiple Ecosystem Services in Forest Management Planning. <em>Forests<\/em>, <em>11<\/em>(10), 1108. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4907\/11\/10\/1108\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/f11101108<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n<h2>Obsah<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ol>\n<li><a href=\"#ramec\">Koncep\u010dn\u00ed r\u00e1mec pl\u00e1novit\u00e9ho \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed ekosyst\u00e9mov\u00fdch slu\u017eeb<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#HUL\">Identifikace ekosyst\u00e9mov\u00fdch slu\u017eeb a implementace r\u00e1mce do hospodd\u00e1\u0159sko-\u00fapravnick\u00e9ho pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#kvantifikace\">Kvantifikace ekosyst\u00e9mov\u00fdch slu\u017eeb<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#hierarchie\">Hierarchick\u00e9 pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#prostor\">Prostorov\u00e9 (\u00fazemn\u00ed) pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#participace\">Participativn\u00ed pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#DSS\">Syst\u00e9my pro podporu rozhodov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/a><hr \/><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p><a id=\"ramec\"><\/a>1. <strong>Koncep\u010dn\u00ed r\u00e1mec pl\u00e1novit\u00e9ho \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed ekosyst\u00e9mov\u00fdch slu\u017eeb<\/strong><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 50%; text-align: center;\">\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/hul2.mendelu.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/Screenshot-2023-08-26-at-17-33-32-A-Framework-for-Characterizing-and-Regulating-Ecosystem-Services-in-a-Management-Planning-Context.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/hul2.mendelu.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/Screenshot-2023-08-26-at-17-33-32-A-Framework-for-Characterizing-and-Regulating-Ecosystem-Services-in-a-Management-Planning-Context.png\"><\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%; text-align: center;\">\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/hul2.mendelu.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/Screenshot-2023-08-26-at-17-38-34-A-Design-for-Addressing-Multiple-Ecosystem-Services-in-Forest-Management-Planning.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/hul2.mendelu.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/Screenshot-2023-08-26-at-17-38-34-A-Design-for-Addressing-Multiple-Ecosystem-Services-in-Forest-Management-Planning.png\"><\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 50%; text-align: center;\">R\u00e1mec koncepce \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed ekosyst\u00e9mov\u00fdch slu\u017eeb pro ve\u0159ejn\u00e9 blaho spole\u010dnosti<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%; text-align: center;\"><a id=\"ramce\"><\/a>Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed komponenty r\u00e1mce pro \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed v\u00edce-\u00fa\u010delov\u00fdch ekosyst\u00e9mov\u00fdch slu\u017eeb v lesn\u00edm hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9m pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><a id=\"HUL\"><\/a>2. <strong>Identifikace ekosyst\u00e9mov\u00fdch slu\u017eeb (ES) a implementace r\u00e1mce do hospodd\u00e1\u0159sko-\u00fapravnick\u00e9ho pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Existuje n\u011bkolik \u0161iroce uzn\u00e1van\u00fdch typologi\u00ed ekosyst\u00e9mov\u00fdch slu\u017eeb [<a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjsuLySrvyAAxVIh_0HHbUbBtsQFnoECA4QAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.millenniumassessment.org%2Fdocuments%2Fdocument.356.aspx.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1jWSsRZCkeif5RvouFs7fz&amp;opi=89978449\">1<\/a>,<a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjV_6_SrvyAAxX5if0HHcZBCkkQFnoECA4QAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fwedocs.unep.org%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F20.500.11822%2F26490%2FTEEB_National_International.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1%26isAllowed%3Dy&amp;usg=AOvVaw35NxwnmEDXexx6RsY8urqJ&amp;opi=89978449\">3<\/a>,<a href=\"https:\/\/cices.eu\/\">24<\/a>], kter\u00e9 lze pou\u017e\u00edt ke klasifikaci ES. Tyto syst\u00e9my klasifikuj\u00ed ES do \u010dty\u0159 kategori\u00ed s mal\u00fdmi rozd\u00edly, a to takto:<\/p>\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: circle;\">\n<li><strong>Poskytovac\u00ed slu\u017eby<\/strong> popisuj\u00ed materi\u00e1lov\u00e9 nebo energetick\u00e9 v\u00fdstupy p\u0159\u00edmo odvozen\u00e9 z voln\u011b \u017eij\u00edc\u00edch a p\u011bstovan\u00fdch rostlinn\u00fdch druh\u016f nebo produkt\u016f z\u00edskan\u00fdch z ekosyst\u00e9mu. Zahrnuj\u00ed produkty, jako jsou potraviny, sladk\u00e1 voda, suroviny (d\u0159evo, palivo, biopaliva a ned\u0159ev\u011bn\u00e9 produkty) a l\u00e9\u010div\u00e9 zdroje (biochemik\u00e1lie, p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed l\u00e9\u010diva a l\u00e9\u010diva).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Regula\u010dn\u00ed slu\u017eby<\/strong> se t\u00fdkaj\u00ed v\u00fdhod, kter\u00e9 jsou z\u00edsk\u00e1v\u00e1ny z regulace ekosyst\u00e9mov\u00fdch proces\u016f, v\u010detn\u011b regulace klimatu se sekvestrac\u00ed uhl\u00edku, kvality ovzdu\u0161\u00ed a zm\u00edr\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed extr\u00e9mn\u00edch jev\u016f, biologick\u00e9 kontroly s regulac\u00ed chorob, prevence eroze se zachov\u00e1n\u00edm \u00farodnosti p\u016fdy, opylov\u00e1n\u00ed, \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed vody, zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed odpadu a protipovod\u0148ov\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Podp\u016frn\u00e9 slu\u017eby<\/strong> jsou obecn\u00e9 a nezbytn\u00e9 pro v\u00fdrobu dal\u0161\u00edch ES. Pat\u0159\u00ed mezi n\u011b kolob\u011bh \u017eivin, produkce kysl\u00edku, tvorba p\u016fdy, stanovi\u0161t\u011b pro druhy, genetick\u00e1 rozmanitost a prim\u00e1rn\u00ed produkce. Je t\u0159eba poznamenat, \u017ee CICES 5.1 se zcela vyh\u00fdb\u00e1 pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00fdraz\u016f \u201ezprost\u0159edkuj\u00edc\u00ed\u201c a \u201epodp\u016frn\u00e9 slu\u017eby\u201c, proto\u017ee nejsou pova\u017eov\u00e1ny za slu\u017eby \u2013 sp\u00ed\u0161e podporuj\u00ed \u201ekone\u010dn\u00e9 slu\u017eby\u201c [<a href=\"https:\/\/cices.eu\/\">24<\/a>]. I kdy\u017e je klasifikace respektov\u00e1na, zahrnujeme zde podp\u016frn\u00e9 slu\u017eby, proto\u017ee jsou tak \u010di onak \u201eslu\u017ebami\u201c zalo\u017een\u00fdmi na v\u011bt\u0161in\u011b ostatn\u00edch syst\u00e9m\u016f (MEA, TEEB). Nicm\u00e9n\u011b diskuse k tomuto st\u00e1le prob\u00edh\u00e1.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Kulturn\u00ed slu\u017eby<\/strong> jsou nemateri\u00e1ln\u00ed v\u00fdhody, kter\u00e9 lid\u00e9 z\u00edsk\u00e1vaj\u00ed z ekosyst\u00e9m\u016f prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm duchovn\u00edho obohacen\u00ed, pam\u011b\u0165ov\u00e9ho a pozn\u00e1vac\u00edho (kognitivn\u00edho) rozvoje, reflexe, rekreace a estetick\u00fdch z\u00e1\u017eitk\u016f. Jsou to hodnoty vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00e9 lid\u00e9 inspiruj\u00ed z r\u016fzn\u00fdch funkc\u00ed ekosyst\u00e9mu. Zahrnuj\u00ed rekrea\u010dn\u00ed z\u00e1\u017eitky, udr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed a omlazen\u00ed du\u0161evn\u00edho a fyzick\u00e9ho zdrav\u00ed, estetick\u00e9 ocen\u011bn\u00ed, kulturn\u00ed d\u011bdictv\u00ed, vzd\u011bl\u00e1vac\u00ed hodnoty, inspiraci pro kulturu, um\u011bn\u00ed a design, ekoturistiku, duchovn\u00ed zku\u0161enosti, n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 hodnoty a smysl pro m\u00edsto.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/hul2.mendelu.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/Screenshot-2023-08-27-at-10-03-27-A-Design-for-Addressing-Multiple-Ecosystem-Services-in-Forest-Management-Planning.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/hul2.mendelu.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/Screenshot-2023-08-27-at-10-03-27-A-Design-for-Addressing-Multiple-Ecosystem-Services-in-Forest-Management-Planning.png\"><\/a><a id=\"komponenty\"><\/a>Koncep\u010dn\u00ed r\u00e1mcov\u00e9 komponenty ozna\u010duj\u00edc\u00ed organizaci a vazby na procesy pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed ekosyst\u00e9m\u016f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a id=\"kvantifikace\"><\/a>3. <strong>Kvantifikace ekosyst\u00e9mov\u00fdch slu\u017eeb<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">Je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 zm\u00ednit, \u017ee <strong>celkov\u00e1 ekonomick\u00e1 hodnota ES<\/strong> (<strong>TEV<\/strong>) je sp\u00ed\u0161e prost\u0159edkem pro m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed zm\u011bny stavu z\u00e1sob ES v konkr\u00e9tn\u00edm okam\u017eiku. V z\u00e1sad\u011b se t\u00fdk\u00e1 sou\u010dasn\u00e9 hodnoty toku souhrnn\u00e9 budouc\u00ed spot\u0159eby [<a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?title=Sustainability+and+the+measurement+of+wealth&amp;author=Arrow,+K.J.&amp;author=Dasgupta,+P.&amp;author=Goulder,+L.H.&amp;author=Mumford,+K.J.&amp;author=Oleson,+K.&amp;publication_year=2012&amp;journal=Environ.+Dev.+Econ.&amp;volume=17&amp;pages=317%E2%80%93353&amp;doi=10.1017\/S1355770X12000137\">57<\/a>] nebo zm\u011bn stavu\/kapit\u00e1lu v \u010dase. Celkov\u00e9 odhady hodnot zm\u011bn stavu ka\u017ed\u00e9ho z r\u016fzn\u00fdch forem zdroj\u016f se sestavuj\u00ed a pot\u00e9 se\u010dtou, aby bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 vypo\u010d\u00edtat komplexn\u00ed bohatstv\u00ed, tj. celkovou ekonomickou hodnotu [<a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?title=Our+Common+Future.+The+World+Commission+on+Environment+and+Development&amp;author=Bruntland+Commission&amp;publication_year=1987\">58<\/a>]. Krom\u011b toho mohou p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed zdroje, jako jsou lesy, zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed a chr\u00e1n\u011bn\u00e9 oblasti, trvale p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161et v\u00fdhody, jsou-li spravov\u00e1ny udr\u017eiteln\u011b a syst\u00e9m oce\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed je mo\u017en\u00e1 bude muset vz\u00edt v \u00favahu [<a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?title=The+Changing+Wealth+of+Nations+2018:+Building+a+Sustainable+Future&amp;author=Lange,+G.-M.&amp;author=Wodon,+Q.&amp;author=Carey,+K.&amp;publication_year=2018\">59<\/a>]. Konkr\u00e9tn\u011b je ocen\u011bn\u00ed zalo\u017eeno na koncepci, \u017ee hodnota ES nebo kapit\u00e1lu zm\u011bny by se m\u011bla rovnat diskontovan\u00e9mu toku o\u010dek\u00e1van\u00fdch \u010dist\u00fdch zisk\u016f v pr\u016fb\u011bhu \u010dasu. V ka\u017ed\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b m\u016f\u017ee m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed TEV v pr\u016fb\u011bhu \u010dasu nab\u00eddnout d\u016fle\u017eitou informaci pro charakterizaci a pochopen\u00ed procesu \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed na udr\u017eiteln\u00e9m z\u00e1klad\u011b [<a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?title=Our+Common+Future.+The+World+Commission+on+Environment+and+Development&amp;author=Bruntland+Commission&amp;publication_year=1987\">58<\/a>,<a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?title=The+Changing+Wealth+of+Nations+2018:+Building+a+Sustainable+Future&amp;author=Lange,+G.-M.&amp;author=Wodon,+Q.&amp;author=Carey,+K.&amp;publication_year=2018\">59<\/a>].<br>Bez ohledu na pou\u017eitou metodu (p\u0159\u00edm\u00e1 analytick\u00e1 metoda, tr\u017en\u00ed ekosyst\u00e9mov\u00e9 \u00fa\u010detnictv\u00ed nebo heuristick\u00e1 metoda) lze k odhadu ekonomick\u00e9 hodnoty ES v dan\u00e9 oblasti v dan\u00e9m \u010dasov\u00e9m okam\u017eiku pou\u017e\u00edt n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed celkov\u00fd zjednodu\u0161en\u00fd vzorec. \u010cist\u00e9 sou\u010dasn\u00e9 hodnoty ES lze tak\u00e9 odhadnout v del\u0161\u00edm \u010dasov\u00e9m horizontu na z\u00e1klad\u011b akceptovan\u00e9 diskontn\u00ed sazby. Zde je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 identifikovat dva parametry: hodnotu produkce ES na jednotku (tj. ha) a op\u011bt pen\u011b\u017en\u00ed hodnotu dan\u00e9ho ES na jednotku.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>TEV = PUEV \u00d7 UR \u00d7 PUMES \u00d7 Plocha<\/strong>, kde;<\/p>\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: circle;\">\n<li style=\"text-align: left;\">TEV = celkov\u00e1 ekonomick\u00e1 hodnota,<\/li>\n<li>PUEV = ekonomick\u00e1 hodnota na jednotku dan\u00e9ho ES (p\u0159\u00ednosy\u2013n\u00e1klady),<\/li>\n<li>PUMES = m\u00edra na jednotku dan\u00e9ho ES,<\/li>\n<li>UR = m\u00edra vyu\u017eit\u00ed dan\u00e9 oblasti (%) a plocha = celkov\u00e1 plocha konkr\u00e9tn\u00edho typu vyu\u017eit\u00ed \u00fazem\u00ed.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span class=\"HwtZe\" lang=\"cs\"><span class=\"jCAhz ChMk0b\"><span class=\"ryNqvb\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Mal\u00e9 shrnut\u00ed tohoto bodu<\/span>: je pom\u011brn\u011b komplikovan\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edmo ocenit n\u00e1klady a p\u0159\u00ednosy v\u011bt\u0161iny ES, jako jsou stanovi\u0161t\u011b pro zachov\u00e1n\u00ed biologick\u00e9 rozmanitosti a rekrea\u010dn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitosti.<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"jCAhz ChMk0b\"><span class=\"ryNqvb\">Pokud v\u0161ak p\u0159\u00edm\u00e1 metoda sel\u017ee, nep\u0159\u00edm\u00e9 metody mohou pomoci zah\u00e1jit proces oce\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed pro r\u016fzn\u00e9 ES.<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"jCAhz ChMk0b\"><span class=\"ryNqvb\">Ve skute\u010dnosti existuje \u0159ada metod jejich oce\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed (tj. u\u0161et\u0159en\u00e9 n\u00e1klady, CVM, n\u00e1klady p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitosti, h\u00e9donick\u00e9 oce\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed atd.) s v\u00fdhodami a nev\u00fdhodami, kter\u00e9 lze pou\u017e\u00edt p\u0159i odhadov\u00e1n\u00ed hodnoty r\u016fzn\u00fdch ES [<a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?title=Valuing+Forest+Ecosystem+Services:+A+Training+Manual+for+Planners+and+Project+Developers&amp;author=Masiero,+M.&amp;author=Pettenella,+D.&amp;author=Boscolo,+M.&amp;author=Barua,+S.K.&amp;author=Animon,+I.&amp;author=Matta,+J.R.&amp;publication_year=2019\">55<\/a>].<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"jCAhz ChMk0b\"><span class=\"ryNqvb\">Hybridizuj\u00edc\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstupy v\u0161ak mohou p\u0159ekonat nev\u00fdhody konkr\u00e9tn\u00edch metod oce\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed [<a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?title=Chapter+5.+The+economics+of+valuing+ecosystem+services+and+biodiversity&amp;author=Pascual,+U.&amp;author=Muradian,+R.&amp;publication_year=2010&amp;journal=TEEB+Doc.&amp;doi=10.4324\/9781849775489\">61<\/a>]. <br><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n<p><a id=\"hierarchie\"><\/a>4. <strong>Hierarchick\u00e9 pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Lesn\u00ed ekosyst\u00e9my jsou p\u0159irozen\u011b vyvinuty a organizov\u00e1ny v hierarchick\u00e9 struktu\u0159e s v\u011bt\u0161\u00edmi jednotkami v \u0161ir\u0161\u00edm m\u011b\u0159\u00edtku (tj. rozlo\u017een\u00ed v\u011bkov\u00fdch t\u0159\u00edd, klasifikace lesn\u00edch typ\u016f) zapouzd\u0159uj\u00edc\u00ed men\u0161\u00ed jednotky (tj. vegeta\u010dn\u00ed typy, porosty, skupiny strom\u016f) v jemn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm m\u011b\u0159\u00edtku. Podobn\u011b se rozhodovac\u00ed probl\u00e9my na ka\u017ed\u00e9 organiza\u010dn\u00ed nebo klasifika\u010dn\u00ed \u00farovni v lesn\u00edm hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9m pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed li\u0161\u00ed v \u010dasov\u00e9m horizontu, \u00farovni hospoda\u0159en\u00ed, prostorov\u00e9m pokryt\u00ed, zdroji a podrobnosti informac\u00ed a riziku a nejistot\u011b spojen\u00e9 s v\u00fdsledkem [<a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?title=Sustainable+forest+management:+Control,+adaptive+management,+hierarchical+planning&amp;author=Gunn,+E.&amp;publication_year=2003\">43<\/a>]. Spr\u00e1va v\u0161ech prvk\u016f lesn\u00edho ekosyst\u00e9mu v holistick\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edstupu m\u016f\u017ee vy\u017eadovat \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed probl\u00e9m\u016f na r\u016fzn\u00fdch organiza\u010dn\u00edch \u00farovn\u00edch v <strong>hierarchii \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed<\/strong>. Rozhodovac\u00ed proces zapojen\u00fd do pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed tedy \u010dasto zahrnuje hierarchii \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, od rozhodnut\u00ed na strategick\u00e9 \u00farovni a\u017e po rozhodnut\u00ed na provozn\u00ed \u00farovni.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Rozhodov\u00e1n\u00ed na strategick\u00e9 \u00farovni<\/strong> se t\u00fdk\u00e1 rozvoje politik na \u0161irok\u00e9 \u00farovni \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed p\u016fdy. Zam\u011b\u0159uj\u00ed se na dlouhodobou anal\u00fdzu dostupnosti zdroj\u016f s c\u00edlem optimalizovat v\u00fdkon podniku v pr\u016fb\u011bhu \u010dasu. K posouzen\u00ed dlouhodob\u00e9 dostupnosti ekosyst\u00e9mov\u00fdch slu\u017eeb se vypracov\u00e1vaj\u00ed dlouhodob\u00e9 pl\u00e1ny na v\u00edce obdob\u00ed. Mus\u00ed \u0159e\u0161it vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed \u00farovn\u011b rizika a nejistoty, kter\u00e9 vypl\u00fdvaj\u00ed z jeho \u010dasov\u00e9ho rozm\u011bru. Konkr\u00e9tn\u011b se na strategick\u00e9 \u00farovni testuje a ur\u010duje dlouhodob\u00e1 dostupnost zdroj\u016f, \u00fa\u010dinky zm\u011bny klimatu, formulace politik na \u0161irok\u00e9 \u00farovni a v\u00fdvoj slo\u017een\u00ed les\u016f s omezen\u00fdm prostorov\u00fdm zohledn\u011bn\u00edm. Na t\u00e9to \u00farovni je tedy stanovena \u0161ir\u0161\u00ed \u00farove\u0148 alokace krajiny pro r\u016fzn\u00e9 lesn\u00ed vyu\u017eit\u00ed s ur\u010dit\u00fdmi c\u00edli. V\u00fdstup model\u016f vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed \u00farovn\u011b se \u010dasto st\u00e1v\u00e1 vhodn\u00fdm omezen\u00edm pro modely ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed \u00farovn\u011b kv\u016fli hierarchick\u00e9mu zapouzd\u0159en\u00ed pl\u00e1novac\u00edch prvk\u016f.<\/p>\n<p>R<strong>ozhodnut\u00ed na st\u0159edn\u00ed nebo taktick\u00e9 \u00farovni<\/strong> \u0159e\u0161\u00ed nejefektivn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed vyu\u017eit\u00ed zdroj\u016f, kter\u00e9 m\u00e1 podnik k dispozici ve st\u0159edn\u011bdob\u00e9m horizontu. Taktick\u00e9 pl\u00e1ny se sna\u017e\u00ed zaru\u010dit dlouhodob\u00e9 dod\u00e1vky d\u0159eva s nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed \u00farovn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edjm\u016f. V n\u011bkter\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpadech je rozd\u011blen\u00ed typ\u016f v\u00fdrobk\u016f vzhledem k p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00fdm kategori\u00edm sortimentu, jako je pila, d\u00fdha, buni\u010dina, pap\u00edr a palivov\u00e9 d\u0159evo, ur\u010deno sp\u00ed\u0161e na t\u00e9to \u00farovni ne\u017e na strategick\u00e9 \u00farovni. Nav\u00edc p\u0159idru\u017een\u00ed p\u011bstebn\u00edch re\u017eim\u016f (nap\u0159. p\u0159edpisy) k p\u016fdn\u00edm jednotk\u00e1m, kter\u00e9 vypl\u00fdvaj\u00ed z klasifikace krajiny, bere v \u00favahu prostorov\u00e9 informace, kter\u00e9 jsou obvykle strategick\u00fdmi modely ignorov\u00e1ny. Proto se na t\u00e9to \u00farovni \u010dasto berou v \u00favahu prostorov\u00e9 detaily prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed p\u011bstebn\u00edch z\u00e1sah\u016f a tak\u00e9 cestn\u00ed s\u00edt\u011b, aby se rozhodlo, kudy by produkty m\u011bly proudit. D\u00e1le lze na t\u00e9to \u00farovni zahrnout i dostupnou pracovn\u00ed s\u00edlu a mechanizaci, pl\u00e1n podnikov\u00e9 v\u00fdroby a sez\u00f3nn\u00ed zm\u011bny v procesu marketingu produkt\u016f. Stru\u010dn\u011b \u0159e\u010deno, pl\u00e1ny na taktick\u00e9 \u00farovni jednodu\u0161e zahrnuj\u00ed podrobn\u00e9 pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u011bstebn\u00edch z\u00e1sah\u016f a dal\u0161\u00edch \u010dinnost\u00ed nesouvisej\u00edc\u00edch s pl\u00e1novanou t\u011b\u017ebou na pravideln\u00e9 b\u00e1zi. S pokrokem technologie se v\u0161ak rozhodnut\u00ed na taktick\u00e9 \u00farovni \u010dasto spojuj\u00ed do rozhodnut\u00ed na strategick\u00e9 \u00farovni, proto\u017ee lze zpracov\u00e1vat a analyzovat velk\u00e9 soubory dat a r\u016fzn\u00e9 sc\u00e9n\u00e1\u0159e \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed pomoc\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00fdch rozhodovac\u00edch n\u00e1stroj\u016f.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Rozhodnut\u00ed na provozn\u00ed \u00farovni<\/strong> se skl\u00e1daj\u00ed z pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed celoro\u010dn\u00edch (tj. m\u011bs\u00ed\u010dn\u00edch, t\u00fddenn\u00edch nebo dokonce denn\u00edch) p\u011bstebn\u00edch a dopravn\u00edch \u010dinnost\u00ed, aby syst\u00e9m fungoval. Opera\u010dn\u00ed pl\u00e1ny identifikuj\u00ed \u00farove\u0148 a konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed dobu (rok, m\u011bs\u00edc nebo t\u00fdden) t\u011b\u017eby \/ p\u00e9\u010de o porosty, pl\u00e1n p\u011bstov\u00e1n\u00ed, lesn\u00ed pracovn\u00ed s\u00edlu, t\u011b\u017eebn\u00ed a dopravn\u00ed prost\u0159edky, n\u00e1kup a sortiment d\u0159eva a net\u011b\u017eebn\u00ed \u010dinnosti. Na provozn\u00ed \u00farovni jsou p\u0159ipraveny podrobn\u00e9 harmonogramy pro v\u0161echny dal\u0161\u00ed \u0159\u00edd\u00edc\u00ed \u010dinnosti pot\u0159ebn\u00e9 ke spln\u011bn\u00ed c\u00edl\u016f pro r\u016fzn\u00e9 ekosyst\u00e9mov\u00e9 slu\u017eby. Stru\u010dn\u011b \u0159e\u010deno, rozhodovac\u00ed proces na provozn\u00ed \u00farovni je zcela specifick\u00fd, n\u00e1kladov\u011b efektivn\u00ed a podrobn\u00fd pro konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed odv\u011btv\u00ed nebo instituci, s men\u0161\u00edm rizikem a nejistotou.<\/p>\n<p>Ka\u017ed\u00fd model je zam\u011b\u0159en na konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed \u00farove\u0148 \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed a c\u00edle a z\u00e1m\u011bry. Rozhodnut\u00ed p\u0159ijat\u00e1 na jedn\u00e9 hierarchick\u00e9 \u00farovni toti\u017e p\u016fsob\u00ed jako c\u00edle nebo omezen\u00ed pro rozhodnut\u00ed na dal\u0161\u00ed ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed \u00farovni. Zp\u011btn\u00e1 vazba a p\u0159enos informac\u00ed prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm hierarchick\u00fdch pl\u00e1n\u016f umo\u017e\u0148uje organizac\u00edm efektivn\u011b fungovat a vytvo\u0159it z\u00e1klad pro realizaci adaptivn\u00edho managementu lesn\u00edch ekosyst\u00e9m\u016f [<a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?title=Sustainable+forest+management:+Control,+adaptive+management,+hierarchical+planning&amp;author=Gunn,+E.&amp;publication_year=2003\">43<\/a>,<a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?title=Designing+forested+landscapes+to+provide+multiple+services&amp;author=Gadow,+K.V.&amp;author=Kurttila,+M.&amp;author=Leskinen,+P.&amp;author=Leskinen,+L.&amp;author=Nuutinen,+T.&amp;publication_year=2007\">44<\/a>,<a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?title=A+framework+for+modeling+adaptive+forest+management+and+decision+making+under+climate+change&amp;author=Yousefpour,+R.&amp;author=Temperli,+C.&amp;author=Jacobsen,+J.B.&amp;author=Thorsen,+B.J.&amp;author=Meilby,+H.&amp;author=Lexer,+M.J.&amp;author=Lindner,+M.&amp;author=Bugmann,+H.&amp;author=Borges,+J.G.&amp;author=Palma,+J.H.N.&amp;publication_year=2017&amp;journal=Ecol.+Soc.&amp;volume=22&amp;pages=40&amp;doi=10.5751\/ES-09614-220440\">45<\/a>]. Takov\u00e9 hierarchick\u00e9 pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed komplexn\u011b pokr\u00fdv\u00e1 r\u016fzn\u00e9 \u00farovn\u011b informac\u00ed, rozhodnut\u00ed a po\u017eadavk\u016f lesn\u00edho hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9ho pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed tak, aby hierarchick\u00fd charakter lesn\u00ed krajiny byl co nejl\u00e9pe reprezentov\u00e1n v r\u016fzn\u00fdch m\u011b\u0159\u00edtc\u00edch.<\/p>\n<p><a id=\"prostor\"><\/a>5. <strong>Prostorov\u00e9 (\u00fazemn\u00ed) pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u00dazemn\u00ed pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed se v z\u00e1sad\u011b t\u00fdk\u00e1 geografick\u00e9ho uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed oblast\u00ed, jako jsou lesn\u00ed typy, porosty a stanovi\u0161t\u011b, a t\u011b\u017eebn\u00ed jednotky managementu, jako jsou t\u011b\u017eebn\u00ed bloky nap\u0159\u00ed\u010d krajinou. Obvykle je spojeno s taktick\u00fdmi a opera\u010dn\u00edmi \u00farovn\u011bmi pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b prvky \u00fazemn\u00edho pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed lze zva\u017eovat i v del\u0161\u00edch pl\u00e1novac\u00edch horizontech. Nav\u00edc se jedn\u00e1 o proces, kter\u00fd \u0159e\u0161\u00ed prostorov\u00e9 m\u011b\u0159\u00edtko probl\u00e9mu managementu pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed, tedy a\u0165 u\u017e je jeho zam\u011b\u0159en\u00ed na porostn\u00ed, krajinn\u00e9 nebo region\u00e1ln\u00ed \u00farovni. \u00dazemn\u00ed pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed zahrnuje kvantitativn\u00ed rozhodovac\u00ed techniky pro za\u010dlen\u011bn\u00ed jak ekosyst\u00e9mov\u00fdch statk\u016f, tak slu\u017eeb s prostorov\u00fdmi rysy do lesn\u00edho hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9ho pl\u00e1nu snadno pou\u017eiteln\u00e9ho v ter\u00e9nu [<a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?title=Spatial+forest+planning:+To+adopt,+or+not+to+adopt?&amp;author=Bettinger,+P.&amp;author=Sessions,+J.&amp;publication_year=2003&amp;journal=J.+For.&amp;volume=101&amp;pages=24%E2%80%9329\">17<\/a>,<a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?title=Spatial+considerations+of+an+area+restriction+model+for+identifying+harvest+blocks+at+commercial+forest+plantations&amp;author=Kaspar,+J.&amp;author=Perez,+G.F.E.&amp;author=Cerveira,+A.&amp;author=Marusak,+R.&amp;publication_year=2016&amp;journal=Cent.+Eur.+For.+J.&amp;volume=62&amp;pages=146%E2%80%93151\">49<\/a>]. D\u00e1le je \u0159e\u0161eno pl\u00e1novac\u00edmi metodami, kter\u00e9 se zam\u011b\u0159uj\u00ed na \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed logistick\u00fdch a dopravn\u00edch probl\u00e9m\u016f [<a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?title=An+optimization+model+for+annual+harvest+planning&amp;author=Karlsson,+J.&amp;author=Ronnqvist,+M.&amp;author=Bergstrom,+J.&amp;publication_year=2004&amp;journal=Can.+J.+For.+Res.&amp;volume=34&amp;pages=1747%E2%80%931754&amp;doi=10.1139\/x04-043\">50<\/a>,<a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?title=Using+operational+research+for+supply+chain+planning+in+the+forest+products+industry&amp;author=D%E2%80%99Amours,+S.&amp;author=R%C3%B6nnqvist,+M.&amp;author=Weintraub,+A.&amp;publication_year=2008&amp;journal=INFOR&amp;volume=46&amp;pages=265%E2%80%93282&amp;doi=10.3138\/infor.46.4.265\">51<\/a>]. Politiky a p\u0159edpisy pro pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed lesn\u00edho hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed v r\u016fzn\u00fdch jurisdikc\u00edch vy\u017eaduj\u00ed ur\u010dit\u00e9 modely &#8222;o\u0161et\u0159ovac\u00edch jednotek a zb\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00edch stanovi\u0161\u0165&#8220; pro ekonomick\u00e9 nebo ekologick\u00e9 pot\u0159eby. Nap\u0159\u00edklad ekonomika lesn\u00edho provozu vy\u017eaduje vhodn\u00e9 seskupen\u00ed v\u0161ech hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdch z\u00e1sah\u016f na prostorov\u00fdch m\u00edstech, aby se minimalizovaly celkov\u00e9 n\u00e1klady. Velkou v\u00fdzvou je zde jak prostorov\u00e9 uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed lesn\u00edch celk\u016f, tak rozvr\u017een\u00ed v\u0161ech hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdch \u010dinnost\u00ed nap\u0159\u00ed\u010d v\u0161emi lesn\u00edmi celky. Management divok\u00e9 zv\u011b\u0159e vy\u017eaduje nefragmentovanou krajinu se zam\u011b\u0159en\u00edm na ur\u010ditou velikost, sousedstv\u00ed, tvar a konfiguraci nebo uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed jak t\u011b\u017eebn\u00edch jednotek, tak stanovi\u0161\u0165 v lesn\u00ed krajin\u011b [<a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?title=Alternative+Modelling+Approach+to+Spatial+Harvest+Scheduling+with+Respect+to+Fragmentation+of+Forest+Ecosystem&amp;author=Maru%C5%A1%C3%A1k,+R.&amp;author=Ka%C5%A1par,+J.&amp;author=Hlavat%C3%BD,+R.&amp;publication_year=2015&amp;journal=Environ.+Manag.&amp;volume=56&amp;pages=1134%E2%80%931147&amp;doi=10.1007\/s00267-015-0558-1\">24<\/a>,<a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?title=Aggregating+microsegments+into+harvest+blocks+by+using+spatial+optimization+and+proximity+objectives&amp;author=Heinonen,+T.&amp;author=Makinen,+A.&amp;author=Rasinmaki,+J.&amp;author=Pukkala,+T.&amp;publication_year=2018&amp;journal=Can.+J.+For.+Res.&amp;volume=48&amp;pages=1184%E2%80%931193&amp;doi=10.1139\/cjfr-2018-0053\">52<\/a>]. Vzhledem ke kombinatorick\u00e9 povaze prostorov\u00e9ho probl\u00e9mu se rozhodovac\u00ed metody pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 v lesn\u00edm pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed \u010dasto uch\u00fdlily k heuristick\u00fdm technik\u00e1m, jako je &#8222;simulovan\u00e9 \u017e\u00edh\u00e1n\u00ed\/simulated annealing&#8220;, &#8222;vyhled\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed tabu\/tabu search&#8220;, &#8222;genetick\u00fd algoritmus\/genetic algorithm&#8220; a &#8222;bun\u011b\u010dn\u00e9 automaty\/cellular automata&#8220; [<a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?title=A+review+of+the+development+of+the+multiple+use+forest+management+planning+concept&amp;author=Baskent,+E.Z.&amp;publication_year=2018&amp;journal=Int.+For.+Rev.&amp;volume=20&amp;pages=296%E2%80%93313&amp;doi=10.1505\/146554818824063023\">1<\/a>,<a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?title=Trends+in+Spatial+Forest+Planning&amp;author=Shan,+Y.&amp;author=Bettinger,+P.&amp;author=Cieszewski,+C.&amp;author=Li,+R.F.&amp;publication_year=2009&amp;journal=Int.+J.+Math.+Comp.+Sci.&amp;volume=1&amp;pages=86%E2%80%93112\">12<\/a>,<a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?title=Combining+random+and+systematic+search+heuristic+procedures+for+solving+spatially+constrained+forest+management+scheduling+problems&amp;author=Falc%C3%A3o,+A.O.&amp;author=Borges,+J.G.&amp;publication_year=2002&amp;journal=For.+Sci.&amp;volume=48&amp;pages=608%E2%80%93621\">19<\/a>,<a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?title=Eight+heuristic+planning+techniques+applied+to+three+increasingly+difficult+wildlife+planning+problems&amp;author=Bettinger,+P.&amp;author=Graetz,+D.&amp;author=Boston,+K.&amp;author=Sessions,+J.&amp;author=Chung,+W.&amp;publication_year=2002&amp;journal=Silva+Fenn.&amp;volume=36&amp;pages=561%E2%80%93584&amp;doi=10.14214\/sf.545\">53<\/a>,<a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?title=The+use+of+cellular+automaton+approach+in+forest+planning&amp;author=Heinonen,+T.&amp;author=Pukkala,+T.&amp;publication_year=2007&amp;journal=Can.+J.+For.+Res.&amp;volume=37&amp;pages=2188%E2%80%932200&amp;doi=10.1139\/X07-073\">54<\/a>,<a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?title=Heuristics+in+multi-objective+forest+management&amp;author=Borges,+J.G.&amp;author=Hoganson,+H.M.&amp;author=Falcao,+A.O.&amp;publication_year=2002&amp;journal=Multi-Object.+For.+Plan.+Book+Ser.+Manag.+For.+Ecosyst.&amp;volume=6&amp;pages=119%E2%80%93151\">55<\/a>,<a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?title=Optimizing+heuristic+search+in+forest+planning&amp;author=Pukkala,+T.&amp;author=Heinonen,+T.&amp;publication_year=2006&amp;journal=Nonl%C4%B1near+Anal.+Real+World+Appl.&amp;volume=7&amp;pages=1284%E2%80%931297&amp;doi=10.1016\/j.nonrwa.2005.11.011\">56<\/a>,<a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?title=Evaluating+the+neighborhood,+hybrid+and+reversion+search+techniques+of+a+simulated+annealing+algorithm+in+solving+forest+spatial+harvest+scheduling+problems&amp;author=Dong,+L.&amp;author=Bettinger,+P.&amp;author=Liu,+Z.&amp;author=Qin,+H.&amp;author=Zhao,+Y.&amp;publication_year=2016&amp;journal=Silva+Fennica&amp;volume=50&amp;pages=20p&amp;doi=10.14214\/sf.1622\">57<\/a>,<a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?title=Forest+Planning+Heuristics-Current+Recommendations+and+Research+Opportunities+for+s-Metaheuristics&amp;author=Bettinger,+P.&amp;author=Boston,+K.&amp;publication_year=2017&amp;journal=Forests&amp;volume=8&amp;pages=476&amp;doi=10.3390\/f8120476\">58<\/a>]. Tyto techniky mohou pou\u017e\u00edvat bu\u010f <strong>plo\u0161n\u00fd<\/strong> <strong>(area-based)<\/strong> nebo <strong>jednotkov\u00fd (unit-based) model<\/strong> omezen\u00ed pro \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed velikosti a sousedstv\u00ed t\u011b\u017eebn\u00edch oblast\u00ed nebo jednotek [<a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?title=Harvest+scheduling+with+area-based+adjacency+constraints&amp;author=McDill,+M.E.&amp;author=Rebain,+S.A.&amp;author=Braze,+J.&amp;publication_year=2002&amp;journal=For.+Sci.&amp;volume=48&amp;pages=631%E2%80%93642\">20<\/a>,<a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?title=Heuristics+in+multi-objective+forest+management&amp;author=Borges,+J.G.&amp;author=Hoganson,+H.M.&amp;author=Falcao,+A.O.&amp;publication_year=2002&amp;journal=Multi-Object.+For.+Plan.+Book+Ser.+Manag.+For.+Ecosyst.&amp;volume=6&amp;pages=119%E2%80%93151\">55<\/a>,<a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?title=Spatial+restrictions+in+harvest+scheduling&amp;author=Murray,+A.T.&amp;publication_year=1999&amp;journal=For.+Sci.&amp;volume=45&amp;pages=45%E2%80%9352\">59<\/a>,<a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?title=Combining+tabu+search+and+genetic+algorithm+heuristic+techniques+to+solve+spatial+harvest+scheduling+problems&amp;author=Boston,+K.&amp;author=Bettinger,+P.&amp;publication_year=2002&amp;journal=For.+Sci.&amp;volume=48&amp;pages=35%E2%80%9346\">60<\/a>]. \u00dasp\u011b\u0161n\u00e9 pou\u017eit\u00ed t\u011bchto technik velmi z\u00e1vis\u00ed na architektonick\u00e9m n\u00e1vrhu prostorov\u00e9ho modelu. Nap\u0159\u00edklad heuristika je pom\u011brn\u011b citliv\u00e1 na parametry pou\u017eit\u00e9 v r\u00e1mci modelu. D\u00e1le kvalita \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed je citliv\u00e1 na existenci r\u016fzn\u00fdch voliteln\u00fdch pohyb\u016f p\u0159i &#8222;vyhled\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed v tabu&#8220; [<a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?title=Eight+heuristic+planning+techniques+applied+to+three+increasingly+difficult+wildlife+planning+problems&amp;author=Bettinger,+P.&amp;author=Graetz,+D.&amp;author=Boston,+K.&amp;author=Sessions,+J.&amp;author=Chung,+W.&amp;publication_year=2002&amp;journal=Silva+Fenn.&amp;volume=36&amp;pages=561%E2%80%93584&amp;doi=10.14214\/sf.545\">53<\/a>,<a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?title=Combining+tabu+search+and+genetic+algorithm+heuristic+techniques+to+solve+spatial+harvest+scheduling+problems&amp;author=Boston,+K.&amp;author=Bettinger,+P.&amp;publication_year=2002&amp;journal=For.+Sci.&amp;volume=48&amp;pages=35%E2%80%9346\">60<\/a>] a &#8222;pl\u00e1nech chlazen\u00ed p\u0159i simulovan\u00e9m \u017e\u00edh\u00e1n\u00ed&#8220; [<a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?title=Forest+landscape+(ecosystems)+management+with+simulated+annealing&amp;author=Baskent,+E.Z.&amp;author=Jordan,+G.A.&amp;publication_year=2002&amp;journal=For.+Ecol.+Manag.&amp;volume=165&amp;pages=29%E2%80%9345&amp;doi=10.1016\/S0378-1127(01)00654-5\">11<\/a>]. Vzhledem k tomu, \u017ee se jedn\u00e1 o nep\u0159esn\u00e9 techniky, lze v\u00fdhody r\u016fzn\u00fdch technik efektivn\u011b kombinovat za \u00fa\u010delem v\u00fdvoje <strong>hybridn\u00edch model\u016f<\/strong> pro vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed lep\u0161\u00edch \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed [<a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?title=Combining+tabu+search+and+genetic+algorithm+heuristic+techniques+to+solve+spatial+harvest+scheduling+problems&amp;author=Boston,+K.&amp;author=Bettinger,+P.&amp;publication_year=2002&amp;journal=For.+Sci.&amp;volume=48&amp;pages=35%E2%80%9346\">60<\/a>]. Existuj\u00ed v\u0161ak ur\u010dit\u00e9 oblasti pro zlep\u0161en\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinnosti <strong>metaheuristiky<\/strong> v lesn\u00edm pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed. Pat\u0159\u00ed mezi n\u011b hybridizace s exaktn\u00edmi modely, vylep\u0161en\u00ed proces\u016f, strategie reverze, strategie destrukce a rekonstrukce, p\u0159\u00edstupy inteligentn\u00ed nebo dynamick\u00e9 parametrizace, metody inteligentn\u00edho ukon\u010den\u00ed nebo p\u0159echodu a strategie seedov\u00e1n\u00ed [<a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?title=Forest+Planning+Heuristics-Current+Recommendations+and+Research+Opportunities+for+s-Metaheuristics&amp;author=Bettinger,+P.&amp;author=Boston,+K.&amp;publication_year=2017&amp;journal=Forests&amp;volume=8&amp;pages=476&amp;doi=10.3390\/f8120476\">58<\/a>]. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b nov\u00e9 modelov\u00e9 formulace prok\u00e1zaly potenci\u00e1l pou\u017eit\u00ed exaktn\u00edch technik k reprezentaci a \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed probl\u00e9m\u016f \u00fazemn\u00edho pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed [<a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?title=Harvest+scheduling+with+area-based+adjacency+constraints&amp;author=McDill,+M.E.&amp;author=Rebain,+S.A.&amp;author=Braze,+J.&amp;publication_year=2002&amp;journal=For.+Sci.&amp;volume=48&amp;pages=631%E2%80%93642\">20<\/a>,<a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?title=A+new+mixed+integer+programming+model+for+harvest+scheduling+subject+to+maximum+area+restrictions&amp;author=Constantino,+M.&amp;author=Martins,+I.&amp;author=Borges,+J.G.&amp;publication_year=2008&amp;journal=Oper.+Res.&amp;volume=56&amp;pages=542%E2%80%93551&amp;doi=10.1287\/opre.1070.0472\">22<\/a>,<a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?title=Evaluating+alternative+approaches+for+solving+the+area+restriction+model+in+harvest+scheduling&amp;author=Goycoolea,+M.A.&amp;author=Murray,+T.&amp;author=Vielma,+J.P.&amp;author=Weintraub,+A.&amp;publication_year=2009&amp;journal=For.+Sci.&amp;volume=55&amp;pages=149%E2%80%93165\">61<\/a>,<a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?title=Temporal+Connectivity+of+Mature+Patches+in+Forest+Planning+Models&amp;author=K%C3%B6nny%C5%B1,+N.&amp;author=T%C3%B3th,+S.F.&amp;author=McDill,+M.E.&amp;author=Rajasekaran,+B.&amp;publication_year=2014&amp;journal=For.+Sci.&amp;volume=60&amp;pages=1089%E2%80%931099&amp;doi=10.5849\/forsci.12-112\">62<\/a>].<\/p>\n\n\n<p><a id=\"participace\"><\/a>6. <strong>Participativn\u00ed pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Rozhodov\u00e1n\u00ed ve v\u00edce\u00fa\u010delov\u00e9m lesn\u00edm hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9m pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed je n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e kdy jindy, proto\u017ee rozhodnut\u00ed mus\u00ed b\u00fdt p\u0159ij\u00edm\u00e1na podle ekonomick\u00fdch, ekologick\u00fdch a soci\u00e1ln\u00edch hledisek. Tento proces pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed \u010dasto zahrnuje r\u016fzn\u00e9 zainteresovan\u00e9 strany, odborn\u00edky nebo osoby s rozhodovac\u00ed pravomoc\u00ed a vlastn\u00edky les\u016f. V\u0161ichni mohou pou\u017e\u00edvat n\u00e1stroje k \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed probl\u00e9m\u016f, kter\u00e9 se vyzna\u010duj\u00ed mnoha a \u010dasto protich\u016fdn\u00fdmi c\u00edli, co\u017e vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed slo\u017eit\u00e9 prost\u0159ed\u00ed pro rozhodov\u00e1n\u00ed. Aby se zjednodu\u0161ila a p\u0159ekonala slo\u017eitost pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed s v\u00edce c\u00edli, je t\u0159eba pou\u017e\u00edt technologick\u00e9 n\u00e1stroje i participativn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstupy. \u00da\u010dast se obecn\u011b vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 p\u0159i:<\/p>\n<ol style=\"list-style-type: lower-alpha;\">\n<li>klasifikaci \u00fazem\u00ed pro r\u016fzn\u00e9 kategorie vyu\u017eit\u00ed les\u016f,<\/li>\n<li>stanoven\u00ed c\u00edl\u016f hospoda\u0159en\u00ed a sestaven\u00ed seznamu ekosyst\u00e9mov\u00fdch slu\u017eeb, kter\u00e9 poskytuj\u00ed,&nbsp;<\/li>\n<li>pomoc p\u0159i vyhodnocov\u00e1n\u00ed kompromis\u016f mezi t\u011bmito slu\u017ebami v r\u00e1mci r\u016fzn\u00fdch sc\u00e9n\u00e1\u0159\u016f hospoda\u0159en\u00ed,&nbsp;<\/li>\n<li>v\u00fdb\u011br k realizaci pl\u00e1nu.&nbsp; <\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>K participaci m\u016f\u017ee doch\u00e1zet v cel\u00e9m procesu \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed. Po\u017eadovan\u00fdm vstupn\u00edm zdrojem informac\u00ed p\u0159i strukturovan\u00e9 participaci by byla p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm inventarizace institucion\u00e1ln\u00ed kapacity, v\u010detn\u011b technick\u00fdch a odborn\u00fdch lidsk\u00fdch zdroj\u016f dostupn\u00fdch v dan\u00e9 instituci. Krom\u011b toho participativn\u00ed pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed uzn\u00e1v\u00e1 a respektuje tradi\u010dn\u00ed ekologick\u00e9 znalosti a dal\u0161\u00ed kvalitativn\u00ed vstupy b\u011bhem diskuse a anal\u00fdzy kompromis\u016f pro zlep\u0161en\u00ed rozhodovac\u00edho procesu.<\/p>\n<p>Strukturovan\u00e1 \u00fa\u010dast z\u00fa\u010dastn\u011bn\u00fdch stran na \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edch zdroj\u016f je neust\u00e1l\u00fd proces vy\u017eaduj\u00edc\u00ed neust\u00e1l\u00fd dialog b\u011bhem cel\u00e9ho procesu \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed. Rozvoj d\u016fv\u011bry a informov\u00e1n\u00ed \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edk\u016f je t\u0159eba zah\u00e1jit dlouho p\u0159edt\u00edm, ne\u017e se zapoj\u00edte do strategick\u00e9ho pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed lesn\u00edho hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed. Tradi\u010dn\u00ed participace na \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed m\u00e1 n\u011bkter\u00e1 \u00faskal\u00ed. N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edci se mohou sch\u016fzek z\u00fa\u010dastnit, a p\u0159esto se jim nepoda\u0159\u00ed p\u0159evz\u00edt role a povinnosti. Mohou m\u00edt tak\u00e9 nedostate\u010dn\u00e9 znalosti o technik\u00e1ch \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed a z\u00e1konn\u00fdch pr\u00e1vech, zat\u00edmco sch\u016fzky se konaj\u00ed sporadicky a nepravideln\u011b. Na druh\u00e9 stran\u011b strukturovan\u00e1 participace uzn\u00e1v\u00e1 adaptivn\u00ed povahu procesu \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed a m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt implementov\u00e1na v cel\u00e9m procesu pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed. Mezi \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edky jsou sd\u00edleny preference a znalosti. Strukturovan\u00fd proces \u00fa\u010dasti pom\u00e1h\u00e1 p\u0159ev\u00e1d\u011bt lesnick\u00e9 politiky a p\u0159edpisy do \u010dinnost\u00ed v ter\u00e9nu a p\u0159isp\u00edv\u00e1 k informovan\u00fdm rozhodnut\u00edm (obr\u00e1zek n\u00ed\u017ee).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/hul2.mendelu.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/Screenshot-2023-08-28-at-17-58-15-A-Design-for-Addressing-Multiple-Ecosystem-Services-in-Forest-Management-Planning.png\"><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Jednoduch\u00fd proces strukturovan\u00e9 participace<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"HwtZe\" lang=\"cs\"><span class=\"jCAhz ChMk0b\"><span class=\"ryNqvb\">Participativn\u00ed pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed by m\u011blo poskytovat p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitosti k rovn\u00e9mu zach\u00e1zen\u00ed se z\u00fa\u010dastn\u011bn\u00fdmi stranami.<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"jCAhz ChMk0b\"><span class=\"ryNqvb\">P\u0159\u00edstup zam\u011b\u0159en\u00fd na herce vyvinut\u00fd Krottem a kol.<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"jCAhz ChMk0b\"><span class=\"ryNqvb\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?title=Actor-centered+power:+The+driving+force+in+decentralized+community+based+forest+governance&amp;author=Krott,+M.&amp;author=Bader,+A.&amp;author=Devkota,+R.&amp;author=Maryudi,+A.&amp;author=Giessen,+L.&amp;author=Aurenhammer,+H.&amp;publication_year=2014&amp;journal=For.+Policy+Econ.&amp;volume=49&amp;pages=34%E2%80%9342&amp;doi=10.1016\/j.forpol.2013.04.012\">34<\/a>] umo\u017e\u0148uje vyhodnotit \u00farove\u0148 zdroj\u016f pro ka\u017ed\u00fd typ akt\u00e9ra a ka\u017ed\u00fd z\u00e1jem s v\u00edce hodnotami lesa.<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"jCAhz ChMk0b\"><span class=\"ryNqvb\">Takov\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstup m\u016f\u017ee tak\u00e9 pomoci identifikovat konflikty, kter\u00e9 je t\u0159eba \u0159e\u0161it v procesu pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed managementu [<a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?title=Appraisal+framework+for+actor+interest+and+power+analysis+in+forest+management%E2%80%94Insights+from+Northern+Portugal&amp;author=Marques,+M.&amp;author=Juerges,+N.&amp;author=Borges,+J.G.&amp;publication_year=2020&amp;journal=For.+Policy+Econ.&amp;volume=111&amp;pages=102049&amp;doi=10.1016\/j.forpol.2019.102049\">35<\/a>].<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"HwtZe\" lang=\"cs\"><span class=\"jCAhz ChMk0b\"><span class=\"ryNqvb\">Existuj\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edstupy k \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed \u00fa\u010dasti na pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed lesn\u00edho hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed.<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"jCAhz ChMk0b\"><span class=\"ryNqvb\">Zahrnuj\u00ed v\u00edceatributov\u00e9 a v\u00edcekriteri\u00e1ln\u00ed rozhodovac\u00ed techniky, jako je AHP, ANP, technika up\u0159ednost\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed po\u0159ad\u00ed podle podobnosti s ide\u00e1ln\u00edm \u0159e\u0161en\u00edm (TOPSIS), metoda VIKOR (Vlse Kriterijumska Optimizacija Kompromisno Resenj), fuzzy logika, programov\u00e1n\u00ed c\u00edl\u016f a metody Paretovy hranice<\/span><\/span><span class=\"jCAhz ChMk0b\"><span class=\"ryNqvb\">.<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"jCAhz ChMk0b\"><span class=\"ryNqvb\">Pom\u00e1haj\u00ed z\u00edskat preference z\u00fa\u010dastn\u011bn\u00fdch stran a rozhodovac\u00edch org\u00e1n\u016f [<a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?title=Making+forestry+decisions+with+multiple+criteria:+A+review+and+an+assessment&amp;author=Diaz-Balteiro,+L.&amp;author=Romero,+C.&amp;publication_year=2008&amp;journal=For.+Ecol.+Manag.&amp;volume=255&amp;pages=3222%E2%80%933241&amp;doi=10.1016\/j.foreco.2008.01.038\">5<\/a>,<a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?title=Addressing+collaborative+planning+methods+and+tools+in+forest+management&amp;author=Martins,+H.&amp;author=Borges,+J.G.&amp;publication_year=2007&amp;journal=For.+Ecol.+Manag.&amp;volume=248&amp;pages=107%E2%80%93118&amp;doi=10.1016\/j.foreco.2007.02.039\">25<\/a>,<a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?title=Decision-Making+in+Forestry:+A+review+of+the+hybridization+of+multiple+criteria+and+group+decision-making+techniques&amp;author=Ortiz-Urbina,+E.&amp;author=Gonz%C3%A1lez-Pach%C3%B3n,+J.&amp;author=Diaz-Balteiro,+L.&amp;publication_year=2019&amp;journal=Forests&amp;volume=10&amp;pages=375&amp;doi=10.3390\/f10050375\">27<\/a>,<a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?title=Decision+Support+for+Participatory+Forest+Planning+Using+AHP+and+TOPSIS&amp;author=Nilsson,+H.&amp;author=Nordstrom,+E.M.&amp;author=Ohman,+K.&amp;publication_year=2016&amp;journal=Forests&amp;volume=7&amp;pages=100&amp;doi=10.3390\/f7050100\">72<\/a>].<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"jCAhz ChMk0b\"><span class=\"ryNqvb\">D\u00e1le se vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed ke kvantifikaci relativn\u00edch hodnot ekosyst\u00e9mov\u00fdch slu\u017eeb;<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"jCAhz ChMk0b\"><span class=\"ryNqvb\">za\u010dlenit preference zainteresovan\u00fdch stran do ekonomick\u00fdch, environment\u00e1ln\u00edch a soci\u00e1ln\u00edch hodnot;<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"jCAhz ChMk0b\"><span class=\"ryNqvb\">a zv\u00fd\u0161it transparentnost a d\u016fv\u011bryhodnost procesu pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed managementu.<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"jCAhz ChMk0b\"><span class=\"ryNqvb\">Uk\u00e1zalo se, \u017ee jsou u\u017eite\u010dn\u00fdmi n\u00e1stroji pro anal\u00fdzu preferenc\u00ed z\u00fa\u010dastn\u011bn\u00fdch stran, vyjedn\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed o c\u00edlov\u00fdch \u00farovn\u00edch ekosyst\u00e9mov\u00fdch slu\u017eeb a pom\u00e1haj\u00ed budovat konsenzus, \u010d\u00edm\u017e p\u0159isp\u00edvaj\u00ed ke zlep\u0161en\u00ed rozhodovac\u00edho procesu.<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"jCAhz ChMk0b\"><span class=\"ryNqvb\">Krom\u011b toho tak\u00e9 p\u0159isp\u00edvaj\u00ed k \u00fa\u010dinnosti komunikace mezi z\u00fa\u010dastn\u011bn\u00fdmi stranami a poskytuj\u00ed informace pro internalizaci udr\u017eiteln\u00e9ho \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed a spr\u00e1vy ekosyst\u00e9mov\u00fdch slu\u017eeb jako spole\u010dn\u00fdch aktiv [<a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?title=A+Framework+for+Characterizing+and+Regulating+Ecosystem+Services+in+a+Management+Planning+Context&amp;author=Baskent,+E.Z.&amp;publication_year=2020&amp;journal=Forests&amp;volume=11&amp;pages=102&amp;doi=10.3390\/f11010102\">36<\/a>,<a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?title=Bi-Level+Participatory+Forest+Management+Planning+Supported+by+Pareto+Frontier+Visualization&amp;author=Marques,+S.&amp;author=Bushenkov,+V.A.&amp;author=Lotov,+A.V.&amp;author=Marto,+M.&amp;author=Borges,+J.G.&amp;publication_year=2020&amp;journal=For.+Sci.&amp;volume=66&amp;pages=490%E2%80%93500&amp;doi=10.1093\/forsci\/fxz014\">73<\/a>].<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"jCAhz ChMk0b\"><span class=\"ryNqvb\">Krom\u011b toho nastaven\u00ed pr\u00e1vn\u00edch, institucion\u00e1ln\u00edch a politick\u00fdch r\u00e1mc\u016f pro vytvo\u0159en\u00ed p\u0159\u00edzniv\u00e9ho prost\u0159ed\u00ed pro pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed zahrnuje pos\u00edlen\u00ed institucion\u00e1ln\u00edch kapacit a tak\u00e9 spolupr\u00e1ci a vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed s\u00edt\u00ed.<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"jCAhz ChMk0b\"><span class=\"ryNqvb\">Participativn\u00ed pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed sdru\u017euje v\u0161echny z\u00e1jmov\u00e9 skupiny a pl\u00e1nova\u010de pro spolu\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed lesn\u00ed krajiny.<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"jCAhz ChMk0b\"><span class=\"ryNqvb\">Pom\u00e1h\u00e1 tak\u00e9 vytvo\u0159it silnou koordinaci, spolupr\u00e1ci a komunikaci mezi v\u00edce z\u00fa\u010dastn\u011bn\u00fdmi stranami pro efektivn\u00ed prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed procesu pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a id=\"DSS\"><\/a>7. <strong>Syst\u00e9my pro podporu rozhodov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Rozvoj proces\u016f pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed managementu lesn\u00edch ekosyst\u00e9m\u016f (<a href=\"#komponenty\">obr\u00e1zek &#8211; Koncep\u010dn\u00ed r\u00e1mcov\u00e9 komponenty&#8230;<\/a>) vy\u017eaduje pou\u017eit\u00ed informa\u010dn\u00edch a komunika\u010dn\u00edch technologi\u00ed (ICT), aby bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 adekv\u00e1tn\u011b zohlednit v\u0161echny slo\u017eky r\u00e1mce (<a href=\"#ramec\">obr\u00e1zek &#8211; Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed komponenty r\u00e1mce&#8230;<\/a>). Popis ekosyst\u00e9mov\u00fdch slu\u017eeb lesa se op\u00edr\u00e1 o d\u00e1lkov\u00fd pr\u016fzkum Zem\u011b a tak\u00e9 o informa\u010dn\u00ed syst\u00e9my a datab\u00e1ze pro automatizaci z\u00edsk\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed a spr\u00e1vy dat. Krom\u011b toho \u00fa\u010dinnost a efektivita hierarchick\u00e9ho, prostorov\u00e9ho a participativn\u00edho pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed z\u00e1vis\u00ed na automatizaci simulace budouc\u00edho v\u00fdvoje ekosyst\u00e9m\u016f a odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00edch modelech kapacit zdroj\u016f, kter\u00e9 podrobn\u011b popisuj\u00ed, jak m\u016f\u017ee ka\u017ed\u00e1 alternativa \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed p\u0159isp\u011bt ke ka\u017ed\u00e9mu poskytov\u00e1n\u00ed ekosyst\u00e9mov\u00fdch slu\u017eeb. D\u00e1le z\u00e1vis\u00ed na automatizaci generov\u00e1n\u00ed rozhodovac\u00edho prostoru a v\u00fdb\u011bru n\u00e1vrh\u016f pl\u00e1n\u016f. Prvn\u00ed z nich spojuje mo\u017enosti zdroj\u016f a modely politiky, zat\u00edmco druh\u00fd zahrnuje techniky pro hled\u00e1n\u00ed pl\u00e1nu, kter\u00fd se bl\u00ed\u017e\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161in\u011b c\u00edl\u016f rozhodovac\u00edch org\u00e1n\u016f. Modelov\u00e1n\u00ed m\u00e1 v\u0161ak v\u017edy ur\u010dit\u00e9 p\u0159edpoklady a nejistotu, kter\u00e9 je t\u0159eba interpretovat obez\u0159etn\u011b.<\/p>\n<p>Reynolds a kol. [<a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?title=Information+and+communication+technology+in+forest+management+and+conservation&amp;author=Reynolds,+K.M.&amp;author=Borges,+J.G.&amp;author=Vacik,+H.&amp;author=Lexer,+M.J.&amp;publication_year=2005&amp;pages=150%E2%80%93171\">74<\/a>] uvedli hybn\u00e9 s\u00edly, kter\u00e9 stoj\u00ed za p\u0159ijet\u00edm ICT a r\u016fstem inovac\u00ed ICT v lesn\u00edm hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed, jmenovit\u011b se jedn\u00e1 o n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed: a) pokroky ve v\u011bdeck\u00e9m ch\u00e1p\u00e1n\u00ed lesn\u00edch syst\u00e9m\u016f, b) tlak ve\u0159ejnosti na zapojen\u00ed do rozhodov\u00e1n\u00ed o \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed zdroj\u016f a c) organiza\u010dn\u00ed pot\u0159eby pro zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed konkurenceschopnosti. Tyto n\u00e1stroje ICT jsou obvykle kombinov\u00e1ny v r\u00e1mci modul\u00e1rn\u00edch struktur, jako jsou <strong>syst\u00e9my na podporu rozhodov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/strong> (DSS) a <strong>znalostn\u00ed syst\u00e9my<\/strong> (KBS).<\/p>\n<p><strong>DSS<\/strong> zahrnuje \u010dty\u0159i hlavn\u00ed moduly. Prvn\u00ed se skl\u00e1d\u00e1 ze <strong>syst\u00e9mu pro spr\u00e1vu datab\u00e1z\u00ed,<\/strong> kter\u00fd \u0159e\u0161\u00ed kompozi\u010dn\u00ed a ekosyst\u00e9mov\u00e9 slu\u017eby kontextu r\u00e1mce (<a href=\"#ramec\">bod 1<\/a>). Druh\u00fd se skl\u00e1d\u00e1 z <strong>modelov\u00e9 z\u00e1kladny<\/strong>, kter\u00e1 zahrnuje model dynamiky vegetace a tak\u00e9 modely ekosyst\u00e9mov\u00fdch slu\u017eeb [<a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?title=Information+and+communication+technology+in+forest+management+and+conservation&amp;author=Reynolds,+K.M.&amp;author=Borges,+J.G.&amp;author=Vacik,+H.&amp;author=Lexer,+M.J.&amp;publication_year=2005&amp;pages=150%E2%80%93171\">74<\/a>,<a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?title=Which+type+of+forest+management+provides+most+ecosystem+services?&amp;author=Pukkala,+T.&amp;publication_year=2016&amp;journal=For.+Ecosyst.&amp;volume=3&amp;pages=9&amp;doi=10.1186\/s40663-016-0068-5\">75<\/a>,<a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?title=Trends+in+modeling+to+address+forest+management+and+environmental+challenges+in+Europe:+Introduction&amp;author=Bugmann,+H.&amp;author=Palahi,+M.&amp;author=Bontemps,+H.D.&amp;author=Tom%C3%A9,+M.&amp;publication_year=2010&amp;journal=For.+Syst.&amp;volume=19&amp;pages=3%E2%80%937&amp;doi=10.5424\/fs\/201019S-9319\">76<\/a>,<a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?title=Modelling+Non-Wood+Forest+Products+in+Europe:+A+review&amp;author=Calama,+R.&amp;author=Tome,+M.&amp;author=S%C3%A1nchez-Gonz%C3%A1lez,+M.&amp;author=Miina,+J.&amp;author=Spanos,+K.&amp;author=Palahi,+M.&amp;publication_year=2010&amp;journal=For.+Syst.&amp;volume=19&amp;pages=69%E2%80%9385&amp;doi=10.5424\/fs\/201019S-9324\">77<\/a>,<a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?title=Modelling+post-fire+mortality+in+pure+and+mixed+forest+stands+in+Portugal%E2%80%94A+forest+planning-oriented+model&amp;author=Botequim,+B.&amp;author=Arias-Rodil,+M.&amp;author=Garcia-Gonzalo,+M.&amp;author=Silva,+A.&amp;author=Marques,+S.&amp;author=Borges,+J.G.&amp;author=Oliveira,+M.M.&amp;author=Tom%C3%A9,+M.&amp;publication_year=2017&amp;journal=Sustainability&amp;volume=9&amp;pages=390&amp;doi=10.3390\/su9030390\">78<\/a>,<a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?title=Addressing+soil+protection+concerns+in+forest+ecosystem+management+under+climate+change&amp;author=Rodrigues,+A.R.M.&amp;author=Botequim,+B.&amp;author=Tavares,+C.&amp;author=P%C3%A9curto,+P.&amp;author=Borges,+J.G.&amp;publication_year=2020&amp;journal=For.+Ecosyst.&amp;volume=7&amp;pages=34&amp;doi=10.1186\/s40663-020-00247-y\">79<\/a>]. Pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 se ke generov\u00e1n\u00ed model\u016f schopnost\u00ed zdroj\u016f pot\u0159ebn\u00fdch k \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed \u010dasov\u00e9ho kontextu, jako\u017e i prostorov\u00e9ho kontextu a komponent prostorov\u00e9ho m\u011b\u0159\u00edtka r\u00e1mce (<a href=\"#ramec\">bod 1<\/a>). T\u0159et\u00ed se skl\u00e1d\u00e1 ze <strong>z\u00e1kladny metod<\/strong>, kter\u00e1 zahrnuuje metody rozhodov\u00e1n\u00ed, nap\u0159. line\u00e1rn\u00ed programov\u00e1n\u00ed, sm\u00ed\u0161en\u00e9 celo\u010d\u00edseln\u00e9 programov\u00e1n\u00ed [<a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?title=Harvest+scheduling+with+area-based+adjacency+constraints&amp;author=McDill,+M.E.&amp;author=Rebain,+S.A.&amp;author=Braze,+J.&amp;publication_year=2002&amp;journal=For.+Sci.&amp;volume=48&amp;pages=631%E2%80%93642\">20<\/a>,<a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?title=A+new+mixed+integer+programming+model+for+harvest+scheduling+subject+to+maximum+area+restrictions&amp;author=Constantino,+M.&amp;author=Martins,+I.&amp;author=Borges,+J.G.&amp;publication_year=2008&amp;journal=Oper.+Res.&amp;volume=56&amp;pages=542%E2%80%93551&amp;doi=10.1287\/opre.1070.0472\">22<\/a>,<a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?title=Lazy+Constraints+for+Area-Based+Adjacency+Formulations+in+Harvest+Scheduling+Models&amp;author=T%C3%B3th,+S.F.&amp;author=K%C3%B6nny%C5%B1,+N.&amp;author=McDill,+M.E.&amp;author=George,+S.&amp;publication_year=2013&amp;journal=For.+Sci.&amp;volume=59&amp;pages=157%E2%80%93176&amp;doi=10.5849\/forsci.11-040\">23<\/a>], programov\u00e1n\u00ed c\u00edl\u016f [<a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?title=Making+forestry+decisions+with+multiple+criteria:+A+review+and+an+assessment&amp;author=Diaz-Balteiro,+L.&amp;author=Romero,+C.&amp;publication_year=2008&amp;journal=For.+Ecol.+Manag.&amp;volume=255&amp;pages=3222%E2%80%933241&amp;doi=10.1016\/j.foreco.2008.01.038\">5<\/a>,<a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?title=Participatory+Goal+Programming+in+Forest+Management:+An+Application+Integrating+Several+Ecosystem+Services&amp;author=Aldea,+J.&amp;author=Mart%C3%ADnez-Pe%C3%B1a,+F.&amp;author=Romero,+C.&amp;author=Diaz-Balteiro,+L.&amp;publication_year=2014&amp;journal=Forests&amp;volume=5&amp;pages=3352%E2%80%933371&amp;doi=10.3390\/f5123352\">80<\/a>], stochastick\u00e9 programov\u00e1n\u00ed [<a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?title=Participatory+Goal+Programming+in+Forest+Management:+An+Application+Integrating+Several+Ecosystem+Services&amp;author=Aldea,+J.&amp;author=Mart%C3%ADnez-Pe%C3%B1a,+F.&amp;author=Romero,+C.&amp;author=Diaz-Balteiro,+L.&amp;publication_year=2014&amp;journal=Forests&amp;volume=5&amp;pages=3352%E2%80%933371&amp;doi=10.3390\/f5123352\">80<\/a>,<a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?title=Optimal+sequential+forestry+decisions+under+risk&amp;author=Lohmander,+P.&amp;publication_year=2000&amp;journal=Ann.+Oper.+Res.&amp;volume=95&amp;pages=217%E2%80%93228&amp;doi=10.1023\/A:1018918627946\">81<\/a>,<a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?title=A+Stochastic+Programming+Model+for+Fuel+Treatment+Management&amp;author=Kabli,+M.R.&amp;author=Gan,+J.&amp;author=Ntaimo,+L.&amp;publication_year=2015&amp;journal=Forests&amp;volume=6&amp;pages=2148%E2%80%932162&amp;doi=10.3390\/f6062148\">82<\/a>], Pareto hrani\u010dn\u00ed metody [<a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?title=A+Multiple+Criteria+Approach+for+Negotiating+Ecosystem+Services+Supply+Targets+and+Forest+Owners%E2%80%99+Programs&amp;author=Borges,+J.G.&amp;author=Marques,+S.&amp;author=Garcia-Gonzalo,+J.&amp;author=Rahman,+A.U.&amp;author=Bushenkov,+V.&amp;author=Sottomayor,+M.&amp;author=Carvalho,+P.O.&amp;author=Nordstrom,+E.M.&amp;publication_year=2017&amp;journal=For.+Sci.&amp;volume=63&amp;pages=49%E2%80%9361&amp;doi=10.5849\/FS-2016-035\">9<\/a>,<a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?title=Addressing+Wildfire+Risk+in+Forest+Management+Planning+with+Multiple+Criteria+Decision+Making+Methods&amp;author=Marques,+S.&amp;author=Marto,+M.&amp;author=Bushenkov,+V.A.&amp;author=McDill,+M.E.&amp;author=Borges,+J.G.&amp;publication_year=2017&amp;journal=Sustainability&amp;volume=9&amp;pages=298&amp;doi=10.3390\/su9020298\">31<\/a>,<a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?title=Addressing+Multi-criteria+Forest+Management+with+Pareto+Frontier+Methods:+An+Application+in+Portugal&amp;author=Borges,+J.G.&amp;author=Garcia-Gonzalo,+J.&amp;author=Bushenkov,+V.&amp;author=McDill,+M.E.&amp;author=Marques,+S.&amp;author=Oliveira,+M.M.&amp;publication_year=2014&amp;journal=For.+Sci.&amp;volume=60&amp;pages=63%E2%80%9372&amp;doi=10.5849\/forsci.12-100\">83<\/a>] a heuristick\u00e9 techniky [<a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?title=A+review+of+the+development+of+the+multiple+use+forest+management+planning+concept&amp;author=Baskent,+E.Z.&amp;publication_year=2018&amp;journal=Int.+For.+Rev.&amp;volume=20&amp;pages=296%E2%80%93313&amp;doi=10.1505\/146554818824063023\">1<\/a>,<a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?title=Examining+the+performance+of+six+heuristic+optimization+techniques+in+different+forest+planning+problems&amp;author=Pukkala,+T.&amp;author=Kurttila,+M.&amp;publication_year=2005&amp;journal=Silva+Fenn.&amp;volume=39&amp;pages=67%E2%80%9380&amp;doi=10.14214\/sf.396\">4<\/a>,<a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?title=Combining+a+decomposition+strategy+with+dynamic+programming+to+solve+spatially+constrained+forest+management+scheduling+problems&amp;author=Borges,+J.G.&amp;author=Hoganson,+H.M.&amp;author=Rose,+D.W.&amp;publication_year=1999&amp;journal=For.+Sci.&amp;volume=45&amp;pages=201%E2%80%93212\">18<\/a>,<a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?title=Combining+random+and+systematic+search+heuristic+procedures+for+solving+spatially+constrained+forest+management+scheduling+problems&amp;author=Falc%C3%A3o,+A.O.&amp;author=Borges,+J.G.&amp;publication_year=2002&amp;journal=For.+Sci.&amp;volume=48&amp;pages=608%E2%80%93621\">19<\/a>,<a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?title=Eight+heuristic+planning+techniques+applied+to+three+increasingly+difficult+wildlife+planning+problems&amp;author=Bettinger,+P.&amp;author=Graetz,+D.&amp;author=Boston,+K.&amp;author=Sessions,+J.&amp;author=Chung,+W.&amp;publication_year=2002&amp;journal=Silva+Fenn.&amp;volume=36&amp;pages=561%E2%80%93584&amp;doi=10.14214\/sf.545\">53<\/a>,<a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?title=Heuristics+in+multi-objective+forest+management&amp;author=Borges,+J.G.&amp;author=Hoganson,+H.M.&amp;author=Falcao,+A.O.&amp;publication_year=2002&amp;journal=Multi-Object.+For.+Plan.+Book+Ser.+Manag.+For.+Ecosyst.&amp;volume=6&amp;pages=119%E2%80%93151\">55<\/a>,<a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?title=Optimizing+heuristic+search+in+forest+planning&amp;author=Pukkala,+T.&amp;author=Heinonen,+T.&amp;publication_year=2006&amp;journal=Nonl%C4%B1near+Anal.+Real+World+Appl.&amp;volume=7&amp;pages=1284%E2%80%931297&amp;doi=10.1016\/j.nonrwa.2005.11.011\">56<\/a>,<a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?title=Evaluating+the+neighborhood,+hybrid+and+reversion+search+techniques+of+a+simulated+annealing+algorithm+in+solving+forest+spatial+harvest+scheduling+problems&amp;author=Dong,+L.&amp;author=Bettinger,+P.&amp;author=Liu,+Z.&amp;author=Qin,+H.&amp;author=Zhao,+Y.&amp;publication_year=2016&amp;journal=Silva+Fennica&amp;volume=50&amp;pages=20p&amp;doi=10.14214\/sf.1622\">57<\/a>,<a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?title=Forest+Planning+Heuristics-Current+Recommendations+and+Research+Opportunities+for+s-Metaheuristics&amp;author=Bettinger,+P.&amp;author=Boston,+K.&amp;publication_year=2017&amp;journal=Forests&amp;volume=8&amp;pages=476&amp;doi=10.3390\/f8120476\">58<\/a>]. Z\u00e1kladna metod integruje model schopnosti zdroj\u016f s modelem politiky tak, aby odr\u00e1\u017eel c\u00edle ekosyst\u00e9mov\u00fdch slu\u017eeb tv\u016frc\u016f rozhodnut\u00ed. \u0158e\u0161\u00ed tedy kontext rozhodov\u00e1n\u00ed r\u00e1mce (<a href=\"#ramec\">bod 1<\/a>). \u010ctvrt\u00fd se skl\u00e1d\u00e1 z <strong>grafick\u00e9ho u\u017eivatelsk\u00e9ho rozhran\u00ed<\/strong> vyvinut\u00e9ho tak, aby rozhodovac\u00ed org\u00e1ny nebo analytici rozhodov\u00e1n\u00ed mohli pracovat s daty, modely a metodami.<\/p>\n<p>Typick\u00e9 <strong>KBS<\/strong> zahrnuj\u00ed t\u0159i hlavn\u00ed moduly, kde prvn\u00ed sest\u00e1v\u00e1 z <strong>rozhran\u00ed pro zachycov\u00e1n\u00ed znalost\u00ed od odborn\u00edk\u016f<\/strong>, druh\u00fd se skl\u00e1d\u00e1 ze <strong>znalostn\u00ed b\u00e1ze a jej\u00edch logick\u00fdch model\u016f<\/strong> a t\u0159et\u00ed je <strong>vysv\u011btlovac\u00ed rozhran\u00ed<\/strong>, kter\u00e9 stav\u00ed z logick\u00fdch a odvozen\u00fdch model\u016f a poskytuje informace rozhodovateli [<a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?title=Understanding+Decision+Support+Systems+and+Expert+Systems&amp;author=Mallach,+E.G.&amp;publication_year=1993\">84<\/a>]. Tyto t\u0159i moduly mohou pomoci vy\u0159e\u0161it kteroukoli z sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed r\u00e1mce (<a href=\"#ramec\">bod 1<\/a>). Jak pouk\u00e1zali Reynolds a kol.\u00a0 [<a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?title=Information+and+communication+technology+in+forest+management+and+conservation&amp;author=Reynolds,+K.M.&amp;author=Borges,+J.G.&amp;author=Vacik,+H.&amp;author=Lexer,+M.J.&amp;publication_year=2005&amp;pages=150%E2%80%93171\">74<\/a>,<a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?title=User+guide+for+the+Ecosystem+Management+Decision+Support+System,+Version+3.0&amp;author=Reynolds,+K.M.&amp;author=Rodriguez,+S.&amp;author=Bevans,+K.&amp;publication_year=2003\">85<\/a>], <strong>hybridn\u00ed syst\u00e9my<\/strong>, kter\u00e9 kombinuj\u00ed funkcionality KBS a DSS, nap\u0159. KBS zpracov\u00e1n\u00edm informac\u00ed poskytovan\u00fdch moduly DSS, mohou d\u00e1le zlep\u0161it jak efektivitu, tak efektivitu managementu lesn\u00edch ekosyst\u00e9m\u016f. Krom\u011b toho jsou simulace a anal\u00fdza sc\u00e9n\u00e1\u0159\u016f, modely chov\u00e1n\u00ed, r\u00e1mce agent\u016f, soci\u00e1ln\u00ed s\u00edt\u011b a metody s v\u00edce krit\u00e9rii dal\u0161\u00edmi n\u00e1stroji na podporu rozhodov\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00e9 pom\u00e1haj\u00ed analyzovat a diskutovat o jejich pou\u017eit\u00ed na podporu anal\u00fdzy politik [<a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?title=Models+and+tools+for+integrated+forest+management+and+forest+policy+analysis:+An+Editorial&amp;author=Garcia-Gonzalo,+J.&amp;author=Borges,+J.G.&amp;publication_year=2019&amp;journal=For.+Policy+Econ.&amp;volume=103&amp;pages=1%E2%80%933&amp;doi=10.1016\/j.forpol.2019.04.006\">86<\/a>]. Takov\u00fd glob\u00e1ln\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstup s nezbytn\u00fdmi sou\u010d\u00e1stmi je v\u0161ak dostate\u010dn\u011b flexibiln\u00ed a mohl by b\u00fdt dob\u0159e p\u0159izp\u016fsoben r\u016fzn\u00fdm pr\u00e1vn\u00edm po\u017eadavk\u016fm (legislativ\u00e1m) po cel\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b v z\u00e1vislosti na jejich schopnostech a kapacit\u011b zdroj\u016f.<\/p>\n<p>P\u0159\u00edstupy architektury <strong>DSS<\/strong> [<a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?title=An+enterprise+architecture+approach+to+forest+management+decision+support+design.+An+application+to+pulpwood+supply+management+in+Portugal&amp;author=Marques,+A.&amp;author=Borges,+J.G.&amp;author=Sousa,+P.&amp;author=Pinho,+A.M.&amp;publication_year=2011&amp;journal=Eur.+J.+For.+Res.&amp;volume=30&amp;pages=935%E2%80%93948&amp;doi=10.1007\/s10342-011-0482-8\">102<\/a>], s d\u016frazem na zapojen\u00ed zainteresovan\u00fdch stran do v\u00fdvoje n\u00e1stroj\u016f, mohou p\u0159isp\u011bt k u\u017eite\u010dnosti DSS [<a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?title=Usefulness+and+Perceived+Usefulness+of+Decision+Support+Systems+(DSSs)+in+participatory+forest+planning:+The+final+users%E2%80%99+point+of+view&amp;author=Pastorella,+F.&amp;author=Borges,+J.G.&amp;author=De+Meo,+I.&amp;publication_year=2016&amp;journal=Iforest%E2%80%94Biogeosci.+For.&amp;volume=9&amp;pages=422%E2%80%93429&amp;doi=10.3832\/ifor1356-008\">103<\/a>] do budoucna. Dal\u0161\u00edm mo\u017en\u00fdm budouc\u00edm v\u00fdvojem, kter\u00fd by mohl pomoci p\u0159i \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed jejich architektury, je pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed seri\u00f3zn\u00edch her, tedy \u201eher, jejich\u017e prim\u00e1rn\u00edm \u00fa\u010delem nen\u00ed z\u00e1bava, po\u017eitek nebo z\u00e1bava\u201c [<a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?title=Serious+Games:+Games+That+Edu-Cate,+Train,+and+Inform&amp;author=Michael,+D.R.&amp;author=Chen,+S.L.&amp;publication_year=2005\">104<\/a>]. Jejich vyu\u017eit\u00ed pro pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed a \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed probl\u00e9m\u016f v posledn\u00edch letech exponenci\u00e1ln\u011b vzrostlo [<a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?title=An+Overview+of+Serious+Games&amp;author=Laamarti,+F.&amp;author=Eid,+M.&amp;author=El+Saddik,+A.&amp;publication_year=2014&amp;journal=Int.+J.+Comput.+Games+Technol.&amp;pages=358152&amp;doi=10.1155\/2014\/358152\">105<\/a>]. Nap\u0159. Rodela a kol. [<a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?title=Conceptualizing+Serious+Games+as+a+Learning-Based+Intervention+in+the+Context+of+Natural+Resources+and+Environmental+Governance&amp;author=Rodela,+R.&amp;author=Ligtenberg,+A.&amp;author=Bosma,+R.&amp;publication_year=2019&amp;journal=Water&amp;volume=11&amp;pages=245&amp;doi=10.3390\/w11020245\">106<\/a>] zkoumali mo\u017enost jejich vyu\u017eit\u00ed pro podporu proces\u016f pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed managementu lesn\u00edch ekosyst\u00e9m\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Citovan\u00e1 literatura<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Obsah str\u00e1nky je v\u00fdtahem a p\u0159ekladem adekv\u00e1tn\u00edch \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed uveden\u00fdch v n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edch origin\u00e1ln\u00edch publikac\u00edch:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Baskent, E. Z. (2020). A Framework for Characterizing and Regulating Ecosystem Services in a Management Planning Context. <em>Forests<\/em>, <em>11<\/em>(1), 102. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4907\/11\/1\/102\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/f11010102<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Baskent, E. Z., Borges, J. G., Ka\u0161par, J., &amp; Tahri, M. (2020). A Design for Addressing Multiple Ecosystem Services in Forest Management Planning. <em>Forests<\/em>, <em>11<\/em>(10), 1108. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4907\/11\/10\/1108\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/f11101108<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Obsah str\u00e1nky je v\u00fdtahem adekv\u00e1tn\u00edch \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed uveden\u00fdch v n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edch origin\u00e1ln\u00edch publikac\u00edch: Baskent, E. Z. (2020). A Framework for Characterizing and Regulating Ecosystem Services in a Management Planning Context. Forests, 11(1), 102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/f11010102. Baskent, E. Z., Borges, J. G., Ka\u0161par, J., &amp; Tahri, M. (2020). A Design for Addressing Multiple Ecosystem Services in Forest Management Planning. [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"parent":1653,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"zakra_page_container_layout":"customizer","zakra_page_sidebar_layout":"customizer","zakra_remove_content_margin":false,"zakra_sidebar":"customizer","zakra_transparent_header":"customizer","zakra_logo":0,"zakra_main_header_style":"default","zakra_menu_item_color":"","zakra_menu_item_hover_color":"","zakra_menu_item_active_color":"","zakra_menu_active_style":"","zakra_page_header":true,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2374","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/hul2.mendelu.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2374","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/hul2.mendelu.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/hul2.mendelu.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hul2.mendelu.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hul2.mendelu.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=2374"}],"version-history":[{"count":55,"href":"https:\/\/hul2.mendelu.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2374\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2474,"href":"https:\/\/hul2.mendelu.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2374\/revisions\/2474"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hul2.mendelu.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1653"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/hul2.mendelu.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=2374"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}